“…We could mention the study of Maghsoudnia et al [ 24 ] regarding the miRNA let-7b in relation to some of the miRNAs that have some connection with immune genes and that we considered to be prone to bind to the SARS-COV-2. This miRNA was discovered to target specific respiratory chain genes by this author, and it has been used in drug targeting in apoptotic cells.…”
“…We could mention the study of Maghsoudnia et al [ 24 ] regarding the miRNA let-7b in relation to some of the miRNAs that have some connection with immune genes and that we considered to be prone to bind to the SARS-COV-2. This miRNA was discovered to target specific respiratory chain genes by this author, and it has been used in drug targeting in apoptotic cells.…”
“…Here we present some examples regarding the use of PAMAM dendrimers-based microRNAs as therapeutics in cancer. [154][155][156][157] For instance, Wu et al developed a copolymeric drug delivery system, [155] where a redox-sensitive bond (disulfide) was used as a medium to link PEG and G2 dendrimers to form a PEG-dendrimer copolymer. This was synthesized for delivery of miRNA-122 (miR-122) whose expression is downregulated in liver cancer.…”
immune responses, activating cellular machinery causing cell stress, cytotoxicity, lack of selectivity, increasing the likelihood of replication competence, and the constrained structure of insert-size, which can limit their biological and medical applications. [2][3][4] By contrast, various forms of nonviral vectors are widely developed and applied in biomedical research because of their low immunogenicity, high biocompatibility, simplicity in structural pattern, ease of size adjustment, practicality in designing various active sites, and low cost of production. [5,6] The most widely studied nonviral vectors are liposomes, inorganic nanoparticles, polymers, and dendrimers. [7] Liposomes are small spherical vesicles from cholesterol and phospholipids characterized with the surface that can be modified using glycolipids or sialic acid. Yet, the unmodified forms of liposomes are structurally unstable and could easily be eliminated by means of body circulation. [8] In this situation, stable inorganic nanoparticles, such as calcium phosphate (Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 ), gold (Au), iron oxide (Fe 3 O 4 ), and lanthanide-based nanoparticles are widely used, mainly due to their good hydrophilicity and excellent biocompatibility. [9][10][11] Depending on their chemical core composition, these inorganic nanoparticles display different properties and efficiencies. Lately, inorganic nanoparticles have been developed as effective drug delivery systems and used in many diagnostic techniques. [12] In addition, polymers are widely used as nonviral vectors as well. [13][14][15] Polymers are biodegradable nanomaterials with stable and easily modifiable 3D structures. Their uncomplicated synthesis process allows for large-scale production and safe clinical use compared to inorganic nanoparticles. [16] Notably, dendrimers are hyperbranched polymers with a well-defined chemical structure: a core at the center occupied by array of convergent reactive chain-ends and surface that can easily be modified. [17] The chemistry of dendrimers was first described by Buhleier et al. in 1978. [18] In 1985, Tomalia et al. reported a newer kind of dendrimers based on the mixture of amines and amides, termed polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers. [19] Dendrimers are intermeshed synthetic organic macromolecules with 3D architecture composition and abundant terminal functional groups. They are well-defined monodispersity-sized materials with extraordinary membrane interaction properties Dendrimers are polymers with well-defined 3D branched structures that are vastly utilized in various neurotheranostics and biomedical applications, particularly as nanocarrier vectors. Imaging agents can be loaded into dendrimers to improve the accuracy of diagnostic imaging processes. Likewise, combining pharmaceutical agents and anticancer drugs with dendrimers can enhance their solubility, biocompatibility, and efficiency. Practically, by modifying ligands on the surface of dendrimers, effective therapeutic and diagnostic platforms can be constructed and implemented for target...
“…One can imagine use of ASOs and siRNA to reduce levels of mutant mitochondrial proteins, mRNA-based drugs and wild-type (WT) mtRNAs as allotropic therapies to substitute defective mitochondrial RNAs and proteins, or antireplicative RNAs as antigenomic therapies to reduce the levels of mutant mtDNA in a cell (heteroplasmy) ( Figure 2 ). 99 , 104 , 105 Figure 2 Potential RNA-based strategies for treatment of mitochondrial diseases (A) Single-stranded ASOs may specifically bind to mitochondrial transcripts, inducing degradation or inhibiting translation (a) 98 siRNA or mitomiRNA mimics may bind to mitochondrial transcripts (b). However, whether RNAi or RNAi-like mechanisms are functional in the mitochondrial matrix is still inconclusive, and mixed findings have been reported regarding gene silencing mechanisms in the mitochondrial matrix.…”
Section: Current Mitochondrial Disease Therapeutic Agentsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…However, whether RNAi or RNAi-like mechanisms are functional in the mitochondrial matrix is still inconclusive, and mixed findings have been reported regarding gene silencing mechanisms in the mitochondrial matrix. 99 (B) WT mitochondrial mRNAs, tRNAs, and rRNAs can be delivered to the mitochondrial matrix to substitute their defective or missing counterparts. 100 , 101 , 102 (C) Antigenomic RNA molecules capable of specifically binding to the mutant locus of mtDNA and stalling its replication can be delivered to the mitochondrial matrix to allow a replicative advantage for the WT mtDNA, decreasing the level of pathogenic heteroplasmy.…”
Section: Current Mitochondrial Disease Therapeutic Agentsmentioning
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
