“…Another characteristic that can affect the haplotype frequency distribution in a population sample is potential population substructure due to the existence of dog breeds. Indeed, although generally mtDNA does not allow dogs to be grouped into their respective breeds ( Okumura et al 1996 , Savolainen et al 1997 , Tsuda et al 1997 , Vilà et al 1997 , Kim et al 2001 , Wetton et al 2003 , Angleby and Savolainen 2005 , van Asch et al 2005 , Pires et al 2006 , Sundqvist et al 2006 , Eichmann and Parson 2007 , Gundry et al 2007 , Himmelberger et al 2008 , Parra et al 2008 , Desmyter and Comblez 2009 , Kropatsch et al 2011 , Bekaert et al 2012 , Desmyter and Gijsbers 2012 , Suárez et al 2013 ), haplotype frequencies can differ between breeds, as well as between specific breeds and the entire dog mtDNA gene pool ( Savolainen et al 1997 , Vilà et al 1999 , Angleby and Savolainen 2005 , van Asch et al 2005 , Pires et al 2006 , Ryabinina 2006 , Eichmann and Parson 2007 , Gundry et al 2007 , Hassell et al 2008 , Himmelberger et al 2008 , Parra et al 2008 , Koban et al 2009 , Webb and Allard 2009a , Kropatsch et al 2011 , Desmyter and Gijsbers 2012 , Brown et al 2013 , Suárez et al 2013 ). Because of the overrepresentation of certain haplotypes in specific breeds in comparison to the general dog population, a dog trace mtDNA type might provide an indication about the breed(s) to which it may belong.…”