Mitochondrial DNA variation within and among regional populations of longtail macaques (Macaca fascicularis) in relation to other species of the fascicularis group of macaques

Abstract

An 835 base pair (bp) fragment of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was sequenced to characterize genetic variation within and among 1,053 samples comprising five regional populations each of longtail macaques (Macaca fascicularis) and rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta), and one sample each of Japanese (M. fuscata) and Taiwanese (M. cyclopis) macaques. The mtDNA haplotypes of longtail macaques clustered in two large highly structured clades (Fas1 and Fas2) of a neighbor-joining tree that were reciprocally monophyletic with respect to those representing rhesus macaques, Japanese macaques, and Taiwanese macaques. Both clades exhibited haplotypes of Indonesian and Malaysian longtail macaques widely dispersed throughout them; however, longtail macaques from Indochina, Philippines, and Mauritius each clustered in a separate well-defined clade together with one or a few Malaysian and/or Indonesian longtail macaques, suggesting origins on the Sunda shelf. Longtail macaques from Malaysia and Indonesia were far more genetically diverse, and those from Mauritius were far less diverse than any other population studied. Nucleotide diversity between mtDNA sequences of longtail macaques from different geographic regions is, in some cases, greater than that between Indian and Chinese rhesus macaques. Approximately equal amounts of genetic diversity are due to differences among animals in the same regional population, different regional populations, and different species. A greater proportion of genetic variance was explained by interspecies differences when Japanese and Taiwanese macaques were regarded as regional populations of rhesus macaques than when they were treated as separate species. Rhesus macaques from China were more closely related to both Taiwanese and Japanese macaques than to their own conspecifics from India.

Mitochondrial DNA Diversity among Three Subpopulations of Cynomolgus Macaques (Macaca fascicularis) Originating from the Indochinese Region

“…These tendencies are consistent with previous reports of mtDNA diversity [5,35], microsatel- [5,35], microsatel-, microsatellite polymorphisms [3], and major histocompatibility complex genes [1, 16, 2�]. However, genetic comparison among the three subpopulations revealed intermingled phylogenetic relationships (Fig.…”

“…As an important genetic marker, maternally-inherited mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) warrants special attention for genetic investigations such as intraspecies variation [35], population structure [10,12,13,20,34], phylo-, population structure [10,12,13,20,34], phylo- [10,12,13,20,34], phylo-, phylogeography [5,23,26,37], and demography [24] in ma- [5,23,26,37], and demography [24] in ma-, and demography [24] in ma- [24] in main macaque species. In particular, the mtDNA control (D-loop) region is composed of �00 to 1,000 base pairs (bp) and contains hypervariable segments 1 (HVI) and 2 (HVII).…”

“…In particular, the mtDNA control (D-loop) region is composed of �00 to 1,000 base pairs (bp) and contains hypervariable segments 1 (HVI) and 2 (HVII). Recently, sequence-based phylogenetic relationships and genetic structures in cynomolgus macaques were reported by analyzing 149 haplotypes on the mtDNA Dloop HVI segment [35] and 70 haplotypes on the HVII segment [5]. Kawamoto et al suggested that the Mauritian population, which originated from the island of Java in Indonesia, shows less genetic diversity than the other populations based on the HVII segment [13].…”

“…Kawamoto et al suggested that the Mauritian population, which originated from the island of Java in Indonesia, shows less genetic diversity than the other populations based on the HVII segment [13]. Genetic diversity analyses of the mtDNA have mainly been undertaken among geographically isolated populations from different regions, within single regional populations, and in different macaque species [5,13,35]. However, genetic differences among the subpopu-.…”

Finding the Factors of Reduced Genetic Diversity on X Chromosomes of Macaca fascicularis: Male-Driven Evolution, Demography, and Natural Selection

“…In all populations, the X/A diversity ratios were much lower than those reported for other primates including humans (e.g., Pool and Nielsen 2007;Hammer et al 2008;Keinan et al 2009;Hvilsom et al 2012). In addition, Philippine macaques, which are thought to have originated by migration from continental populations (e.g., Smith et al 2007), showed lower X/A diversity ratio than Indonesian-Malaysian macaques. The difference between the Indonesian-Malaysian and Philippine populations was statistically significant (P = 0.002; permutation test).…”