Mitochondrial dysfunction in Spaceflight Associated Neuro-Ocular Syndrome (SANS): a molecular hypothesis in pathogenesis

Artificial gravity as a potential countermeasure for Spaceflight Associated Neuro-Ocular Syndrome

“…Initially identified through post-flight examinations, SANS includes symptoms such as globe flattening [2], choroidal folds [3], and optic disc oedema [4]. The proposed mechanisms underpinning SANS pathophysiology are not fully clear yet, but include cephalad brain and orbital fluid shift [5,6], increased levels of radiation [7], intracranial pressure changes, vascular dysregulation, mitochondrial dysfunction [8] and shifts in cerebrospinal fluid dynamics, which collectively may contribute to the ocular changes documented [9].…”

“…Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA 7. Departments of Ophthalmology, Neurology, and Neurosurgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA 8. Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA 9.…”

Google search spike of “My Eyes Hurt” in United States after solar eclipse: an analysis and future prevention

“…1 Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. 2 Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. 3 Center for Space Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.…”

“…However the allure of witnessing this rare celestial event can lead individuals to potentially disregard safety advice, and directly look at the eclipse. Although our team typically focuses on reducing the ophthalmic risks faced by astronauts during long duration spaceflight [2][3][4], in this paper we discuss how to reduce the risks from direct observation of solar eclipses on Earth and emphasize protective measures.…”

Refractive shifts in astronauts during spaceflight: mechanisms, countermeasures, and future directions for in-flight measurements

“…Though the mechanism of SANS is not yet fully understood, it is postulated that the cephalad and orbital shift of fluid during extended low-gravity exposure along with increased intracranial pressure (ICP) may play a significant role [1,5,13]. Radiation from galactic cosmic rays and solar particle events likely also play a role in the development of SANS [14,15]. A terrestrial disease known as idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) has been discussed as an analog for SANS, as IIH has some similar findings such as optic disc edema (ODE) and increased ICP, though SANS lacks many of the other clinical presentations of IIH [13].…”