“…The highest melatonin concentrations are found in mitochondria [ 23 , 24 ], raising the possibility of functional significance for the involvement in mitochondrial activities [ 25 , 26 ]. For instance, most apoptotic signals originate in the mitochondria, and melatonin has well-known anti-apoptotic [ 27 , 28 , 29 ], anti-inflammatory [ 30 ], pro-differentiation [ 31 , 32 , 33 ], and oncostatic effects [ 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 ]. Melatonin acts through two major pathways: A receptor-mediated pathway (membrane, cytosolic, and nuclear receptors) and a receptor-independent pathway [ 37 , 38 , 39 ].…”