Mitochondrial genome organization

Wolstenholme, David R.; Fauron, Christiane M.-R.

doi:10.1007/978-94-011-0163-9_1

Cited by 45 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 269 publications

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“…therein) and in their tolerance to anoxia-reperfusion injury (Duan and Karmazyn, 1989). In addition, plant mitochondria within single cells differ in their genome size, structure, and contents (for review, see Wolstenholme and Fauron, 1995).…”

Section: Heterogeneity In the Mitochondrial Anoxic Responsementioning

confidence: 99%

Mitochondrial Contribution to the Anoxic Ca2+ Signal in Maize Suspension-Cultured Cells

1998

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Anoxia induces a rapid elevation of the cytosolicO 2 deprivation is the primary stress experienced by plants during flooding. Our previous work showed that [Ca 2ϩ ] cyt elevation may mediate the rapid molecular and long-lasting physiological responses to O 2 limitation (Subbaiah et al., 1994a(Subbaiah et al., , 1994b. Furthermore, the kinetics and magnitude of the anoxic [Ca 2ϩ ] cyt increase were different from the patterns of [Ca 2ϩ ] cyt changes induced by other stimuli in wheat aleurone cells (Bush, 1996) and Arabidopsis seedlings (Sedbrook et al., 1996). The [Ca 2ϩ ] cyt elevation occurring in maize (Zea mays L.) cells under anoxia did not depend on extracellular Ca 2ϩ but was prevented by ruthenium red, suggesting that the Ca 2ϩ signal originated from one or more of the ruthenium-red-sensitive intracellular Ca 2ϩ stores (Subbaiah et al., 1994a).The origin and spatiotemporal patterns of the [Ca 2ϩ ] cyt elevation are currently recognized as important elements of Ca 2ϩ signaling, and the characteristic variations in these features appear to encode the qualitative and quantitative divergence of stimuli (Bush, 1995). Therefore, there has been a growing interest in the identification of the Ca 2ϩ stores or channels responsible for the initiation and propagation of the [Ca 2ϩ ] cyt changes in specific signaling pathways (for a recent example, see Franklin-Tong et al., 1996). In the present study we traced the origin of the Ca 2ϩ signal as a part of our attempt to elucidate the nature and intracellular location of the O 2 sensor. Being the primary site of O 2 consumption and also an important target of ruthenium red action, the mitochondrion could serve as a Ca 2ϩ store in response to anoxia in maize cells.Mitochondria isolated from mung bean seedlings (Moore et al., 1986), rat liver (Nishida et al., 1989), and intact rat hepatocytes (Aw et al., 1987) were shown to release Ca 2ϩ from their matrix immediately after O 2 deprivation. However, these earlier analyses were carried out using organelles isolated out of the cell either before or after stimulation and thus may not represent real-time changes in an intact, living cell. In addition, the role of mitochondria in intracellular Ca 2ϩ homeostasis had not been firmly established until recently (Rizzuto et al., 1994, and refs. therein). Only during the last few years has the interest in mitochondrial Ca 2ϩ in the context of stimulus-response coupling been rekindled after a spurt of experimental observations (Martínez-Serrano and Satrú stegui, 1992;Rizzuto et al., 1992Rizzuto et al., , 1994 for review, see Gunter et al., 1994; Hajnoczky et al., 1995; Jouaville et al., 1995;Rutter et al., 1996; Babcock et al., 1997, and refs. therein). These reports indicate that mitochondria accumulate and release large quantities of Ca 2ϩ and actively participate in cellular Ca 2ϩ signaling. Our knowledge of the role of mitochondria in intracellular Ca 2ϩ homeostasis or cellular signaling in plant systems has been limited to only a few studies (Moore et al., 1986;Ru...

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Section: Heterogeneity In the Mitochondrial Anoxic Responsementioning

confidence: 99%

Mitochondrial Contribution to the Anoxic Ca2+ Signal in Maize Suspension-Cultured Cells

1998

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“…Unlike most other well-investigated eukaryotic systems, the plant kingdom has demonstrated striking variability in mitochondrial genome size and structure (reviewed in Wolstenholme and Fauron, 1995). Although it is unclear whether all plant species contain a mitochondrial genome maintained in both linear and circular conformations, this appears to be the case for several species (Bendich, 1993;Oldenburg and Bendich, 1996).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stoichiometric Shifts in the Common Bean Mitochondrial Genome Leading to Male Sterility and Spontaneous Reversion to Fertility

Janska¹,

Sarria²,

Wołoszyńska³

et al. 1998

The Plant Cell

100

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The plant mitochondrial genome is characterized by a complex, multipartite structure. In cytoplasmic male-sterile (CMS) common bean, the sterility-inducing mitochondrial configuration maps as three autonomous DNA molecules, one containing the sterility-associated sequence pvs-orf239. We constructed a physical map of the mitochondrial genome from the direct progenitors to the CMS cytoplasm and have shown that it maps as a single, circular master configuration. With long-exposure autoradiography of DNA gel blots and polymerase chain reaction analysis, we demonstrate that the three-molecule CMS-associated configuration was present at unusually low copy number within the progenitor genome and that the progenitor form was present substoichiometrically within the genome of the CMS line. Furthermore, upon spontaneous reversion to fertility, the progenitor genomic configuration as well as the molecule containing the pvs-orf239 sterility-associated sequence were both maintained at substoichiometric levels within the revertant genome. In vitro mitochondrial incubation results demonstrated that the genomic shift of the pvs-orf239 -containing molecule to substoichiometric levels upon spontaneous reversion was a reversible phenomenon. Moreover, we demonstrate that substoichiometric forms, apparently silent with regard to gene expression, are transcriptionally and translationally active once amplified. Thus, copy number suppression may serve as an effective means of regulating gene expression in plant mitochondria.

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“…In fact, rhodophyte mitochondrial genomes are reminiscent of animal (particularly coelenterate) mtDNAs, both with respect to their conservation of gene order and constancy of genome size (reviewed in Wolstenholme and Fauron, 1995). In stark contrast to rhodophytes and animals, the chlorophyte/plant lineage displays extraordinary variability in mtDNA size, gene content, and overall organization.…”

Section: Rhodophytes Exhibit a Derived Pattern Of Mtdna Organization mentioning

confidence: 99%

Complete Sequence of the Mitochondrial DNA of the Red Alga Porphyra purpurea: Cyanobacterial Introns and Shared Ancestry of Red and Green Algae

et al. 1999

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The mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of Porphyra purpurea , a circular-mapping genome of 36,753 bp, has been completely sequenced. A total of 57 densely packed genes has been identified, including the basic set typically found in animals and fungi, as well as seven genes characteristic of protist and plant mtDNAs and specifying ribosomal proteins and subunits of succinate:ubiquinone oxidoreductase. The mitochondrial large subunit rRNA gene contains two group II introns that are extraordinarily similar to those found in the cyanobacterium Calothrix sp, suggesting a recent lateral intron transfer between a bacterial and a mitochondrial genome. Notable features of P. purpurea mtDNA include the presence of two 291-bp inverted repeats that likely mediate homologous recombination, resulting in genome rearrangement, and of numerous sequence polymorphisms in the coding and intergenic regions. Comparative analysis of red algal mitochondrial genomes from five different, evolutionarily distant orders reveals that rhodophyte mtDNAs are unusually uniform in size and gene order. Finally, phylogenetic analyses provide strong evidence that red algae share a common ancestry with green algae and plants. INTRODUCTIONHistorically considered to be "red plants," red algae (rhodophytes) were grouped together with protists only in the middle of this century; however, debate continues as to when this taxonomic group first appeared in the evolutionary history of mitochondria-containing eukaryotes. Because the red algal cell lacks flagellar basal bodies and centrioles, some workers have claimed that rhodophytes are the most early diverging and primitive group among photosynthetic eukaryotes (e.g., Lee, 1989). This view also has been suggested by certain molecular phylogenies (e.g., Lipscomb, 1989;Stiller and Hall, 1997). Some authors even advocate that red algae, in particular Cyanidioschyzon spp and Cyanidium spp, represent the evolutionary bridge between cyanobacteria and eukaryotes (Seckbach, 1994). An opposite interpretation contends that the red algae represent a derived group that has secondarily lost many of the distinctive features of the protistan cytoskeleton (Pueschel, 1990;Scott and Broadwater, 1990). Finally, it has been proposed that red algae may have given rise to the fungi (Demoulin, 1985) or that red algae are affiliated with the plant kingdom via common ancestry with green algae (see, e.g., Bhattacharya et al., 1993; Cavalier-Smith, 1993;McFadden et al., 1994;Schlegel, 1994;Paquin et al., 1997;Lang et al., 1998). This broad spectrum of coexisting, mutually exclusive hypotheses highlights our limited knowledge about the phylogenetic relationship between rhodophytes and other eukaryotic phyla.Rhodophytes form a morphologically heterogeneous phylum that has more species ( ‫ف‬ 2500 to 6000 in at least 12 orders; Woelkerling, 1990) than all other seaweeds combined. Multicellular as well as unicellular rhodophyte genera exist, and there is also considerable variety in morphology and physiology throughout the phylum. On the basis...

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Mitochondrial genome organization

Cited by 45 publications

References 269 publications

Mitochondrial Contribution to the Anoxic Ca2+ Signal in Maize Suspension-Cultured Cells

Mitochondrial Contribution to the Anoxic Ca2+ Signal in Maize Suspension-Cultured Cells

Stoichiometric Shifts in the Common Bean Mitochondrial Genome Leading to Male Sterility and Spontaneous Reversion to Fertility

Complete Sequence of the Mitochondrial DNA of the Red Alga Porphyra purpurea: Cyanobacterial Introns and Shared Ancestry of Red and Green Algae

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