Mitochondrial targeting of potent nanoparticulated drugs in combating diseases

Abstract

Mitochondrial dysfunction, characterized by the electron transport chain (ETC) leakage and reduced adenosine tri-phosphate synthesis, occurs primarily due to free radicals -induced mutations in either the mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid (mtDNA) or nuclear (n) DNA caused by pathogenic infections, toxicant exposures, adverse drug-effects, or other environmental exposures, leading to secondary dysfunction affecting ischemic, diabetic, cancerous, and degenerative diseases. In these concerns, mitochondria-targeted remedies may include a significant role in the protection and treatment of mitochondrial function to enhance its activity. Coenzyme Q10 pyridinol and pyrimidinol antioxidant analogues and other potent drug-compounds for their multifunctional radical quencher and other anti-toxic activities may take a significant therapeutic effectivity for ameliorating mitochondrial dysfunction. Moreover, the encapsulation of these bioactive ligands-attached potent compounds in vesicular system may enable them a superb biological effective for the treatment of mitochondria-targeted dysfunction-related diseases with least side effects. This review depicts mainly on mitochondrial enzymatic dysfunction and their amelioration by potent drugs with the usages of nanoparticulated delivery system against mitochondria-affected diseases.

Exosomes as Endogenous Nanovesicular Delivery System in Combating Various Diseases

“…A few other researchers have exhibited that the biocompatible monomeric / polymeric / cholesterol-DNA tethered surface coating or incorporation onto / into exosomes may prolong circulation time from 10-60min or 4-fold longer circulating retention followed by selective biodistribution [30]. In general, exosomes, after systemic administration, are cleared up by systemic circulatory or residential macrophages, while the biodegradation of exosomal phospholipids takes place in blood circulation by lipases, and the endocytosed phospholipids are hydrolysed by lysozymes to fatty acids which are recycled in the body system, and cholesterols are metabolized to bile salts [42][43][44]50,51].…”

Nanomaterials as targeted delivery system of therapeutics for inhibition of cancer

“…In general, NMs are utilized to deliver to targeted cells/tissues as cargos-carriers or systems to get effective therapeutic efficacy against diseases 59,[78][79][80][81][82] .…”

Chromium Induced Developments of Diseases and their Inhibitions by Cargos

“…Though Cr-III compounds at lower concentrations, act as insulin enhancers for the type 2 diabetes, at higher concentrations, they can lead to DNA damage through their accumulations around the cells, altering the cellular surface morphology and entering into the cells via the reactions with the cellular reduction, which finally are converted to Cr-V by oxidation [11,1]. In general, Cr-VI is eliminated through the kidney (<5 nm) as low molecular Cr-III compounds and to a lesser extent by billiary excretions into feces, while bigger compounds (>6 nm) are secluded within the tissues until reduced or decomposed in size [13].…”