Mitogenic activity of staphylococcal protein A is due to contaminating staphylococcal enterotoxins

Schrezenmeier, Hubert; Fleischer, Bernhard

doi:10.1016/0022-1759(87)90423-6

Cited by 35 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Soon after, other researchers suggested that the results obtained by the groups of Morlock and Choi were the effects of sample contamination with trace amounts of enterotoxins, demonstrating that recombinant ETA isolated from superantigen-free strains of S. aureus or strains of E. coli had no mitogenic activity when assessed in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and murine splenocytes. The same authors also demonstrated that the superantigenicity of commercial preparations of ETs could be attenuated with antibodies directed against enterotoxins A and B [63,64]. Nonetheless, later reports have indicated that ETs are truly superantigens and that their mitogenic activity is independent of their proteolytic activity.…”

Section: Molecular Mechanism Of Toxin Activitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Exfoliative Toxins of Staphylococcus aureus

Bukowski

Władyka

Dubin

2010

Toxins

195

135

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Staphylococcus aureus is an important pathogen of humans and livestock. It causes a diverse array of diseases, ranging from relatively harmless localized skin infections to life-threatening systemic conditions. Among multiple virulence factors, staphylococci secrete several exotoxins directly associated with particular disease symptoms. These include toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1), enterotoxins, and exfoliative toxins (ETs). The latter are particularly interesting as the sole agents responsible for staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS), a disease predominantly affecting infants and characterized by the loss of superficial skin layers, dehydration, and secondary infections. The molecular basis of the clinical symptoms of SSSS is well understood. ETs are serine proteases with high substrate specificity, which selectively recognize and hydrolyze desmosomal proteins in the skin. The fascinating road leading to the discovery of ETs as the agents responsible for SSSS and the characterization of the molecular mechanism of their action, including recent advances in the field, are reviewed in this article.

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Section: Molecular Mechanism Of Toxin Activitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Exfoliative Toxins of Staphylococcus aureus

Bukowski

Władyka

Dubin

2010

Toxins

195

135

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“…On the other hand, 10 ng of commercially available ETA, as well as TSST-1 and SEB, per ml could stimulate activity that was consistent with superantigens (46,124). The authors speculated that because superantigens exert their effects at concentrations that are not detectable by conventional biochemical methods, previous demonstration of superantigenic activity with ET was probably due to contamination by other staphylococcal enterotoxins (82,83), as was demonstrated with protein A (235). They also mentioned that another group of researchers (107) could not precipitate MHC class II molecules with commercial ETA, possibly because the toxin did not bind to the molecule.…”

Section: Superantigenic Activitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical, Microbial, and Biochemical Aspects of the Exfoliative Toxins Causing Staphylococcal Scalded-Skin Syndrome

et al. 1999

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SUMMARY The exfoliative (epidermolytic) toxins of Staphylococcus aureus are the causative agents of the staphylococcal scalded-skin syndrome (SSSS), a blistering skin disorder that predominantly affects children. Clinical features of SSSS vary along a spectrum, ranging from a few localized blisters to generalized exfoliation covering almost the entire body. The toxins act specifically at the zona granulosa of the epidermis to produce the characteristic exfoliation, although the mechanism by which this is achieved is still poorly understood. Despite the availability of antibiotics, SSSS carries a significant mortality rate, particularly among neonates with secondary complications of epidermal loss and among adults with underlying diseases. The aim of this article is to provide a comprehensive review of the literature spanning more than a century and to cover all aspects of the disease. The epidemiology, clinical features, potential complications, risk factors, susceptibility, diagnosis, differential diagnoses, investigations currently available, treatment options, and preventive measures are all discussed in detail. Recent crystallographic data on the toxins has provided us with a clearer and more defined approach to studying the disease. Understanding their mode of action has important implications in future treatment and prevention of SSSS and other diseases, and knowledge of their specific site of action may provide a useful tool for physiologists, dermatologists, and pharmacologists.

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“…It has recently been demonstrated that the staphylococcal protein A is not a T cell mitogen but that its T cell stimulatory activity is due to minute contamination by staphylococcal enterotoxins. Antibodies to SEA and SEB specifically block the T cell response to protein A and recombinant protein A produced in E. coli is not mitogenic [3,16]. For T cell stimulation approximately 1-10 btg of Protein A/ml are required.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recombinant epidermolytic (exfoliative) toxin A of Staphylococcus aureus is not a superantigen

Fleischer

Bailey

1992

Med Microbiol Immunol

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The epidermolytic (exfoliative) toxins produced by Staphylococcus aureus cause epidermolysis and skin blistering. In addition, they have been implicated to belong to the group of T lymphocyte stimulating molecules known as "superantigens". Here we show that recombinant epidermolytic toxin A produced in S. aureus is not mitogenic for human and murine T lymphocytes. We discuss the possibility that minute contaminations of highly mitogenic exoproteins may cause the mitogenicity in several proteins that are reported to be superantigens.

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Mitogenic activity of staphylococcal protein A is due to contaminating staphylococcal enterotoxins

Cited by 35 publications

References 15 publications

Exfoliative Toxins of Staphylococcus aureus

Exfoliative Toxins of Staphylococcus aureus

Clinical, Microbial, and Biochemical Aspects of the Exfoliative Toxins Causing Staphylococcal Scalded-Skin Syndrome

Recombinant epidermolytic (exfoliative) toxin A of Staphylococcus aureus is not a superantigen

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