Mitteilungen des Umweltbundesamtes zu per- und polyfluorierten Chemikalien (PFC) in Trinkwasser

Biegel-Engler, Annegret; Vierke, Lena; Apel, Petra; Fetter, Éva; Staude, Claudia

doi:10.1007/s00103-016-2507-4

Cited by 10 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Polyfluoroalkyl phosphate esters are considered to be precursors (Bell et al, 2019) and can be found with a varying number of fluorinated tails: one, two (diPAP), and three (triPAP; Bizkarguenaga et al, 2016). Those with two tails, diPAPs, were found in soil after application of compost contaminated with paper sludge (Biegel-Engler et al, 2017), in residential indoor dust (de Silva et al, 2012), and in sludge of wastewatertreatment plants (Lee et al, 2010). Transformation behavior may also differ largely, even in case of similar molecule structures, such as 6:2 diPAP and 8:2 diPAP, with reported half-life times of 12-60 days and >1000 days, respectively (Lee et al, 2014;Liu & Liu, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Leaching and Transformation of Perfluoroalkyl Acids and Polyfluoroalkyl Phosphate Diesters in Unsaturated Soil Column Studies

Weidemann

Lämmer

Stahl

et al. 2022

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are environmentally ubiquitous, anthropogenic substances with adverse effects on organisms, which shows the need to study their environmental fate and leaching behavior. In the present soil columns study, the leaching behavior and fate of nontransformable and transformable (precursors) were investigated. Ten nontransformable PFAS in two different soils, two precursors and two field soils, which were already contaminated with a mixture of PFAS, and two uncontaminated controls, were set up for a time span of 2 years. At the end of the study, the molecular balance could not be closed for nontransformable PFAS. This effect was positively correlated to the fluorinated carbon chain length. The precursors, which were both polyfluoroalkyl phosphate diesters (diPAP), had different transformation products and transformation rates, with a higher rate for 6:2 diPAP than 8:2 diPAP. After 2 years, amounts of diPAP were still found in the soil with no significant vertical movement, showing high adsorption to soils. Transformation products were estimated to be simultaneously formed. They were predominantly found in the percolation water; the amounts left in soil were negligible. Up to half of the initial precursor amounts could not be balanced and were considered missing amounts. The results of contaminated field soil experiments showed the challenge to estimate PFAS leaching without knowing all occurring precursors and complex transformation dynamics. For this purpose, it was shown that a broad examination of contaminated soil with different analytical methods can help with qualitative estimations of leaching risks. For a better quantitative estimation, analytical determination of more PFAS and a quantification of the missing amounts are needed.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Leaching and Transformation of Perfluoroalkyl Acids and Polyfluoroalkyl Phosphate Diesters in Unsaturated Soil Column Studies

Weidemann

Lämmer

Stahl

et al. 2022

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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“…In a recent case in SW Germany, the "Rastatt case," high PFAS concentrations have been detected in soil, plants, groundwater, and even drinking water [24][25][26][27]. Deposition of compost mixed with waste from the paper industry onto arable land between the years 2000 and 2008 is suspected to be the main cause of contamination [28].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

LC-HRMS screening of per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) in impregnated paper samples and contaminated soils

et al. 2021

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High per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substance (PFAS) concentrations have been detected in agricultural soils in Southwest Germany. Discharges of PFAS-contaminated paper sludge and compost are suspected to be the cause of the contamination. Perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs) have been detected also in groundwater, drinking water, and plants in this area. Recently, previously unknown compounds have been identified by high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). Major contaminants were polyfluorinated dialkylated phosphate esters (diPAPs) and N-ethyl perfluorooctane sulfonamide ethanol–based phosphate diester (diSAmPAP). In this study, HRMS screening for PFAS was applied to 14 soil samples from the contaminated area and 14 impregnated paper samples which were from a similar period than the contamination. The paper samples were characterized by diPAPs (from 4:2/6:2 to 12:2/12:2), fluorotelomer mercapto alkyl phosphates (FTMAPs; 6:2/6:2 to 10:2/10:2), and diSAmPAP. In soil samples, diPAPs and their transformation products (TPs) were the major contaminants, but also FTMAPs, diSAmPAP, and their TPs occurred. The distribution patterns of the carbon chain lengths of the precursor PFAS in soil samples were shown to resemble those in paper samples. This supports the hypothesis that paper sludge is a major source of contamination. The presence of major degradation products like PFCAs, FTSAs, or PFOS and their distribution of carbon chain lengths indicate the activity of biotic or abiotic degradation processes and selective leaching processes from the upper soil horizons. Graphical abstract

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“…Further research showed that soil contamination on agricultural land has led to groundwater pollution. Compost mixed with paper sludge containing PFASs was applied to about 7.8 Mio m 2 agricultural soil [28,29]. A large variety of both anionic and non-ionic PFASs is known to be applied to food packaging paper and board in order to grant oil and water repellency [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

LC-MS screening of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances in contaminated soil by Kendrick mass analysis

Bugsel

Zwiener

2020

Anal Bioanal Chem

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The application of contaminated paper sludge on arable land in southwest Germany caused the occurrence of a broad range of poly-and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) on soil. Recently, the dead-end transformation products (TPs) perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid were detected in groundwater and drinking water. The precursors and other transformation products mostly remained unknown. Therefore, HRMS screening by Kendrick mass analysis and assignment of homologous series in combination with suspect screening were applied to identify original PFASs and their TPs in four different soil samples from sites where contaminated paper sludge was applied. In total, twelve compound classes comprising more than 61 PFASs could be fully or tentatively identified. The data reveal that contamination mainly originates from polyfluorinated dialkylated phosphate esters (from 4:2/6:2 to 12:2/14:2), N-ethyl perfluorooctane sulfonamide ethanol-based phosphate diesters (only C 8 / C 8) and transformation products of these precursors. Contamination patterns can be attributed to PFASs used for paper impregnation and can vary slightly from site to site. Keywords Poly-and perfluoroalkyl substances. High-resolution mass spectrometry. Screening. Kendrick mass. Soil. Contamination Abbreviations AIF All-ion fragmentation Da Dalton diPAP Polyfluorinated dialkylated phosphate ester diSAmPAP N-Ethyl perfluorooctane sulfonamide ethanolbased phosphate diester EIC Extracted ion chromatogram ESI Electrospray ionization EtFASA N-Ethyl perfluoroalkanesulfonamide EtFASAA N-Ethylperfluoro-1-alkanesulfonamidoacetic acid EtFOSAA N-Ethylperfluoro-1-octanesulfonamidoacetic acid FASA Perfluoroalkanesulfonamide FOSA Perfluorooctanesulfonamide FTOH Fluorotelomer alcohol FTSA Fluorotelomer sulfonic acid FTUCA Fluorotelomer unsaturated carboxylic acid GenX A m m o n i u m 2 , 3 , 3 , 3-t e t r a f l u o r o-2-(heptafluoropropoxy) propanoate HRMS High-resolution mass spectrometry HS Homologous series KM Kendrick mass KMD Kendrick mass defect LC Liquid chromatography LTZ Landwirtschaftliches Technologiezentrum Augustenberg MeFASA N-Methyl perfluoroalkanesulfonamide MeOH Methanol MFE Molecular feature extraction NH 4 Ac Ammonium acetate Published in the topical collection Persistent and Mobile Organic Compounds-An Environmental Challenge with guest editors Torsten C.

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Mitteilungen des Umweltbundesamtes zu per- und polyfluorierten Chemikalien (PFC) in Trinkwasser

Cited by 10 publications

References 33 publications

Leaching and Transformation of Perfluoroalkyl Acids and Polyfluoroalkyl Phosphate Diesters in Unsaturated Soil Column Studies

Leaching and Transformation of Perfluoroalkyl Acids and Polyfluoroalkyl Phosphate Diesters in Unsaturated Soil Column Studies

LC-HRMS screening of per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) in impregnated paper samples and contaminated soils

LC-MS screening of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances in contaminated soil by Kendrick mass analysis

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