Mixed anxiety–depressive disorder and major depressive disorder: comparison of the severity of illness and biological variables

Kara, Suzan; Yazıcı, M. Kâzım; Güleç, Cengiz; Ünsal, İbrahim

doi:10.1016/s0165-1781(00)00131-1

Cited by 36 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…There is more support in the literature for the second model. First, several investigators have reported similar neuro-endocrine findings in depressive disorders and anxiety disorders, particularly panic disorder, including blunted cortisol response to ACTH, blunted growth hormone response to clonidine, and blunted TSH and prolactin response to thyrotrohin releasing hormone (Coplan et al, 1995;Kara, Yazici, Gulec, & Unsal, 2000;Young, Abelson & Cameron 2004). Second, a number of studies reported data indicating that anxiety and depressive symptoms are genetically linked, at least in some families (Kendler, Neale, Kessler, Heath & Eaves, 1992;Kendler, 2001;van den Heuvel, van de Wetering, Veltman & Pauls, 2000).…”

Section: The Dynamics Of Co-morbiditymentioning

confidence: 94%

The Management of Anxiety and Depressive Disorders: A Review

Ohaeri¹

2006

Int J Ment Health Addiction

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While anxiety and mild-moderate depression (the so-called neuroses) are the commonest mental disorders, they receive scant attention. They should be considered together, because they commonly occur together, are typically chronic, and respond to the same treatment. This review challenges traditional notions about the neuroses, by examining the reasons for their co-morbidity, the effectiveness of SSRIs in anxiety, and the biological basis of anxiety. From neuro-endocrine, psychoimmunology, genetic and clinical studies, anxiety and depression could denote manifestations of an underlying cause. Anxiety results from a dysregulation of homeostasis in the serotonin and noradrenergic systems, which SSRIs stabilize. Treatment guidelines recommend that SSRIs and SNRI should be first-line in the treatment of anxiety disorders, in combination with psychotherapy, with benzodiazepines used on short-term basis. Remission should be the goal of treatment. Outcome should include clinical, functional and disability assessments, graded in terms of response, remission and recovery. Perhaps the SSRIs and SNRI should be recognized as anti-neurotic. Mental disorders probably exist in a biological system with serotonin at the root of the neuroses, while dopamine sub-stands the psychoses.

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Section: The Dynamics Of Co-morbiditymentioning

confidence: 94%

The Management of Anxiety and Depressive Disorders: A Review

Ohaeri¹

2006

Int J Ment Health Addiction

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“…Findings of HPA axis dysregulation in patients with primary anxiety disorders are generally less robust than in those with major depression (Arborelius et al, 1999;Young et al, 2004). However, HPA axis hyperactivity has been documented in studies of social phobia (Furlan et al, 2001), panic disorder (Abelson and Curtis, 1996;Coryell et al, 1991;Roy-Byrne et al, 1986;Schreiber et al, 1996;Wedekind et al, 2000), generalized anxiety (Roy-Byrne et al, 1986), obsessive-compulsive disorder (Altemus et al, 1992), and mixed anxietydepressive disorder (Kara et al, 2000). In contrast, patients with post-traumatic stress disorder show evidence of decreased basal cortisol levels and increased negative feedback regulation of the HPA axis as compared to normal controls (Yehuda, 1997).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship between Cortisol Responses to Stress and Personality

Oswald

Zandi

Nestadt

et al. 2006

Neuropsychopharmacol

237

145

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Although there is growing evidence of links between the cortisol stress response and personality, the nature of the relationships and the underlying mechanisms require further clarification. The purpose of this study was to examine associations between personality traits and cortisol responses to stress using the Revised NEO Personality Inventory five-factor model of personality. In total, 68 healthy adults, aged 18-30 years, completed the personality assessment and underwent a laboratory psychological stress test that consisted of a 5 min speech and 5-min of mental arithmetic. Findings showed that in the sample as a whole, less Openness was associated with lower cortisol responses to the challenge. Cortisol responses also corresponded to certain personality dimensions in a gender-specific manner. Blunted cortisol responses were associated with higher Neuroticism in women and with lower Extraversion in men. These findings suggest that personality traits that have been traditionally associated with greater psychopathology were also associated with blunted HPA axis responses to stress.

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“…First, it has been suggested that anxiety disorder co-morbidity might explain some of the differences in HPA-axis function among depressed patients (Kara et al, 2000;Korte, 2001;Young et al, 2004;Van Praag et al, 2004: 228). The results of our multiple regression analysis, showing that only trait anxiety independently influenced the diurnal cortisol profile, are in accordance with this suggestion.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been suggested that anxiety and/or aggression co-morbidity may explain some of the differences in HPAaxis functioning among depressed patients (Van Praag et al, 2004). For instance, high cortisol levels are only seen in the subgroup of depressive patients who were also anxious (Kara et al, 2000;Korte, 2001;Young et al, 2004).…”

Section: Contents Lists Available At Sciencedirectmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-reported symptoms of depressed mood, trait anxiety and aggressive behavior in post-pubertal adolescents: Associations with diurnal cortisol profiles

Bergh

Calster

Puissant

et al. 2008

Hormones and Behavior

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Self-reported symptoms of depressed mood, trait anxiety and aggressive behavior in post-pubertal adolescents Van Den Bergh, Bea; van Calster, B.; Lagae, L.; Van Huffel, S. Published in: Hormones and Behavior Publication date: 2008 Link to publication Citation for published version (APA):Van den Bergh, B. R. H., van Calster, B., Lagae, L., & Van Huffel, S. (2008). Self-reported symptoms of depressed mood, trait anxiety and aggressive behavior in post-pubertal adolescents: associations with diurnal cortisol profiles. Hormones and Behavior, 54(2), 253-257. General rightsCopyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights.-Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research -You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain -You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal Take down policyIf you believe that this document breaches copyright, please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. The association between self-reported symptoms and diurnal cortisol profiles was studied in post-puberty adolescents (29 boys and 29 girls, M age = 15.06 years). The adolescents completed the Children's Depression Inventory, State Trait Anxiety Inventory, and an Aggressive behavior scale. The diurnal cortisol profile was derived from three saliva samples, collected at awakening, noon and evening on a week-end day. Univariate repeated measurement regressions revealed that depressed mood and trait anxiety were strongly and aggressive behavior was weakly related to the diurnal cortisol profile: greater emotional distress was associated with flatter diurnal cortisol profiles. Multivariate analysis, however, revealed that only trait anxiety made an independent contribution. Further analyses suggested that trait anxiety was related to elevated evening cortisol rather than to decreased awakening cortisol and that from a trait anxiety score of 38 onwards, high anxious adolescents show clearly higher evening cortisol than low anxious adolescents. These data suggest that anxiety disorder comorbidity might explain some of the differences in HPA-axis function among depressed patients. A B S T R A C T A R T I C L E I N F O

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Mixed anxiety–depressive disorder and major depressive disorder: comparison of the severity of illness and biological variables

Cited by 36 publications

References 27 publications

The Management of Anxiety and Depressive Disorders: A Review

The Management of Anxiety and Depressive Disorders: A Review

Relationship between Cortisol Responses to Stress and Personality

Self-reported symptoms of depressed mood, trait anxiety and aggressive behavior in post-pubertal adolescents: Associations with diurnal cortisol profiles

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