Mixed diabetic retinopathy screening coverage results in Indigenous Australian primary care settings: A nurse‐led model of integrated diabetes care

Abstract

Aims To determine eye screening coverage and adherence to national eye screening recommendations of a nurse‐led retinal image‐based model of diabetes education and eye screening in Indigenous primary care clinics. Design A pre‐post study. Methods During January 2018–March 2020 Indigenous Australians with diabetes at three regional Australian clinics were offered eye screening by a nurse‐diabetes educator/retinal imager. At the main site the nurse recruited/scheduled participants, and at satellite sites local clinic staff did so. Visual acuity was tested and digital retinal images acquired and graded. Participants were offered rescreening at or before 12‐months based on baseline results. Results In total 203 adults with diabetes attending Indigenous primary care clinics were screened, with divergent results based on the recruitment methods. At the main clinic 135 of 172 eligible adults (79%) were screened. At the satellite sites, 15 of 85 (18%) and 21 of 77 (27%) diabetes patients were screened. Combined coverage 51%. Conclusion A credentialed nurse‐educator implemented a model of retinal image‐based diabetes education, measured eye screening coverage and adherence to national eye screening guidelines, met the ‘acceptable 75% eye screening coverage’ benchmark and improved patient eye screening guideline adherence at the one site where the nurse‐educator had access to patient recruitment and scheduling. Impact This novel nurse‐led primary care iDEES model of retinal image‐based diabetes education can improve the currently low Indigenous diabetes eye screening coverage in Australia. Importantly, the nurse‐managed iDEES model of integrated diabetes care is readily adaptable to other settings and populations where access to and/or uptake of eye care is suboptimal. Clinical Trial Registration: ANZCTRN1261800120435.

Excellent accuracy of trained neonatal nurses in the detection of referral‐warranted retinopathy of prematurity within an established telemedicine screening programme

“…Whether trained neonatal nurses can safely read and interpret the wide-field images, as is currently performed in nurse-led diabetic retinopathy screening, 5,6 has not been fully evaluated. An accurate interpretation would significantly improve communication with families and potentially increase the efficiency of the screening process.…”

Nursing care for diabetes mellitus

“…According to the latest American Diabetes Association guidelines, glucose targets are a fas ting plasma glucose level of < 95 mg/dL (5.3 mmol/L) and a 1-hour postprandial glucose level of < 140 mg/dL (7.8 mmol/L) or a 2-hour postprandial glucose level < 120 mg/dL (6.7 mmol/L). In general, the haemoglobin A 1 C target during pregnancy is < 6 % (42 mmol/l) if this can be achieved without significant hypoglycaemia, but the target can be lowered to < 7 % (53 mmol/l) if necessary to prevent hypoglycaemia, because according to N. Mohan and A. Banerjee [20], pregnant women are more prone to metabolic risks, so they should be informed about the symptoms of hypo-and hyperglycaemia. Insulin is the preferred treatment for diabetes type 1 and type 2 during pregnancy, so the woman should be trained in injection techniques, although oral metformin is a possible alternative with its own advantages and disadvantages.…”