Mixed electron emission from lead zirconate–titanate ceramics

Abstract

Simultaneous ferroelectric and plasma emission from Pb͑Zr,Ti͒O 3 was observed with only a negative driving pulse applied to the sample, and without an extraction potential on the electron collector. Plasma emission was a strong, inconsistent, and self-destructive process. In addition, a positive ion current was detected. Comparatively, ferroelectric emission was a relatively stable self-emission process, exhibiting no apparent delay time, and no positive ion current. The relationship between the switching and emission current of ferroelectric samples measured simultaneously cannot only be used to determine the existence of ferroelectric emission, but can also give direction to choosing suitable ferroelectric materials for emitter applications.

Polarization Switching of and Electron Emission from Lead Lanthanum Zirconate Titanate Ceramics

“…After sintering, pellets (diameter of ∼19 mm) were polished to a thickness of 1 mm with 600 grit SiC paper. After ultrasonic cleaning in acetone, samples were electroded with a grid pattern (grids connected by an outer ring) 4 on one side and a full electrode on the opposite side. The grid electrode (diameter of ∼9.5 mm) was made by using photolithographic sputtered gold.…”

“…For instance, some debate has occurred over whether FE emission is a new emission phenomenon, 1 another type of metal-dielectric emission, 2 or even a mixed emission process that involves both. 3,4 Also, widely varying electron emission current densities, from 10 −9 A/cm 2 to 10 3 A/cm 2 , have been observed. [5][6][7] Finally, the origin of the emitted electron remains questionable.…”

“…Three compositions in the PLZT ((Pb 1−x La x )(Zr 1−y Ti y ) 1−(x/4) O 3 ) system-antiferroelectric (AFE) 2/95/5 (x ‫ס‬ 0.02, y ‫ס‬ 0.05), "normal" FE 8/65/35, and nonferroelectric 15/65/35-were chosen for study on the basis of their widely different dielectric and ferroelectric properties. Although electron emission from ferroelectrics has been investigated previously by different groups under different experimental conditions, [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] to the best knowledge of the authors, most of the groups used commercial material that had a partially unknown composition. In addition, not much data about FE emission properties-especially polarization switching together with electron emission-has been published.…”

Controlled Ti Seed Layer Assisted Growth and Field Emission Properties of Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3 Nanowire Arrays

“…There is now considerable interest in the FE cathodes as electron sources for low power devices such as emissive flat panel displays. Field emission studies of FE materials have been investigated by various groups. , However, the voltages needed to produce electron emission from existing FE cathodes are still in the range of hundreds to thousand of volts. Early observations of electron emission were reported by Belayev and Bendrikova .…”

X-ray fluoresced high-Z (up to Z=82) K x rays produced by LiNbO3 and LiTaO3 pyroelectric crystal electron accelerators

“…There is a voluminous literature on electron emission and production phenomena [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] and plasma [22][23][24][25] formation at the surface of pyroelectric and ferroelectrics crystals. Reference 4, a recent comprehensive review article, is representative but does not suggest that pyroelectric crystals can produce focused, stable energetic electron beams capable of ionizing K electrons in high-Z materials and producing K x-rays.…”