“…On the other hand, certain partitioned approaches, often called loosely coupled, explicit coupling, or decoupled schemes, have also been investigated in the literature [2,4,5,7,13,14,15,17,19,20], where the sub-model in each domain is solved locally so that existing legacy solvers may be applied by easy software integration. There are many other important physical and numerical considerations that appeal to partitioned approaches for treating different sub-models in their own physical regions independently, particularly because of the very different physical properties and time scales.…”