Mixed infection by fowlpox virus and Chlamydophila psittaci in a commercial laying hen flock

Karpińska, Teresa Agnieszka; Kozaczynski, W.; Niemczuk, Krzysztof; Jasik, Agnieszka; Kycko, Anna; Reichert, M.

doi:10.1556/avet.2013.038

Cited by 8 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…It is probable that some interventions may induce more stress for birds and lead to heavier shedding, but this cannot explain all the differences in the prevalence or the excretion level in birds and other factors, such as the "outdoor" factor, that seem to critically impact shedding ( Table 1). As has been previously reported, the presence of coinfections could exacerbate chlamydial shedding (27)(28)(29)(30). Unlike the cases described in these latter studies, it is interesting that the herpesvirus infection that emerged in flock A2 (resulting in premature slaughtering) did not increase the level of C. psittaci shedding from ducks, which therefore had the same shedding pattern as those of flock A1.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 57%

Assessment of Chlamydia psittaci Shedding and Environmental Contamination as Potential Sources of Worker Exposure throughout the Mule Duck Breeding Process

Hulin

Bernard

Vorimore

et al. 2016

Appl Environ Microbiol

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g Chlamydia psittaci is an obligate intracellular bacterium responsible for avian chlamydiosis, otherwise known as psittacosis, a zoonotic disease that may lead to severe atypical pneumonia. This study was conducted on seven mule duck flocks harboring asymptomatic birds to explore the circulation and persistence of C. psittaci during the entire breeding process and assess the potential sources of worker exposure. Cloacal swabs and air samples were taken on each occasion requiring humans to handle the birds. In parallel, environmental samples, including dust, water, and soil, were collected. Specific real-time PCR analyses revealed the presence of C. psittaci in all flocks but with three different shedding patterns involving ducks about the age of 4, 8, and 12 weeks with heavy, moderate, and low excretion levels, respectively. Air samples were only positive in flocks harboring heavy shedders. Dust in flocks with heavy or moderate shedders carried chlamydial loads strongly associated with the loads detected in avian and soil samples. Environmental contamination, significantly correlated with shedding dynamics, was considered to be the most probable source of exposure. The high prevalence of bacteriophage Chp1 in all flocks, mostly jointly present with chlamydia, suggests an important factor in C. psittaci persistence, thus creating a greater risk for humans. A survey conducted in these flocks regarding farming practices and activities showed that disinfection seems to be the most promising practice for reducing C. psittaci prevalence in ducks and that the place and the duration of action during operations seem to be potential risk factors. Strict adherence to good practices is strongly recommended.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 57%

Assessment of Chlamydia psittaci Shedding and Environmental Contamination as Potential Sources of Worker Exposure throughout the Mule Duck Breeding Process

Hulin

Bernard

Vorimore

et al. 2016

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…Virus and bacteria often act synergistically in causing diseases in humans or animals. C. psittaci -avian pneumovirus co-infection has been associated with an outbreak in turkeys [12] , C. psittaci -fowlpox virus co-infection with an outbreak in hens [9] and C. psittaci -reovirus with an outbreak in budgerigars [11] . Infectious bursal disease virus and chicken anaemia virus can cause immunosuppression, leading to secondary bacterial infection such as bacterial chondronecrosis with osteomyelitis [43] .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Large human outbreaks are rare even among bird handlers [8] . Although co-infection of C. psittaci and viruses has been reported in outbreaks of avian species [9] – [12] , no virus-bacterium co-infection of implicated avian species has ever been reported in outbreaks of human psittacosis. In this study, we sought to investigate viruses that cause avian co-infection, which may have led to this outbreak of psittacosis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Novel Psittacine Adenovirus Identified During an Outbreak of Avian Chlamydiosis and Human Psittacosis: Zoonosis Associated with Virus-Bacterium Coinfection in Birds

Tse

Chan

et al. 2014

PLoS Negl Trop Dis

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Chlamydophila psittaci is found worldwide, but is particularly common among psittacine birds in tropical and subtropical regions. While investigating a human psittacosis outbreak that was associated with avian chlamydiosis in Hong Kong, we identified a novel adenovirus in epidemiologically linked Mealy Parrots, which was not present in healthy birds unrelated to the outbreak or in other animals. The novel adenovirus (tentatively named Psittacine adenovirus HKU1) was most closely related to Duck adenovirus A in the Atadenovirus genus. Sequencing showed that the Psittacine adenovirus HKU1 genome consists of 31,735 nucleotides. Comparative genome analysis showed that the Psittacine adenovirus HKU1 genome contains 23 open reading frames (ORFs) with sequence similarity to known adenoviral genes, and six additional ORFs at the 3′ end of the genome. Similar to Duck adenovirus A, the novel adenovirus lacks LH1, LH2 and LH3, which distinguishes it from other viruses in the Atadenovirus genus. Notably, fiber-2 protein, which is present in Aviadenovirus but not Atadenovirus, is also present in Psittacine adenovirus HKU1. Psittacine adenovirus HKU1 had pairwise amino acid sequence identities of 50.3–54.0% for the DNA polymerase, 64.6–70.7% for the penton protein, and 66.1–74.0% for the hexon protein with other Atadenovirus. The C. psittaci bacterial load was positively correlated with adenovirus viral load in the lung. Immunostaining for fiber protein expression was positive in lung and liver tissue cells of affected parrots, confirming active viral replication. No other viruses were found. This is the first documentation of an adenovirus-C. psittaci co-infection in an avian species that was associated with a human outbreak of psittacosis. Viral-bacterial co-infection often increases disease severity in both humans and animals. The role of viral-bacterial co-infection in animal-to-human transmission of infectious agents has not received sufficient attention and should be emphasized in the investigation of disease outbreaks in human and animals.

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“…C. psittaci has caused respiratory and systemic infections in birds and continues for a long time under unfavorable conditions, and chlamydia parrot and other pathogens can cause mixed infection in birds and poultry [8]. A great number of reports have indicated that virus and bacteria often act synergistically in causing diseases in humans or animals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Primary Infection of Chlamydia psittaci Triggers Invasion of H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus by Impairing Functions of Chicken Macrophages

Chu¹,

Guo²,

Zhang³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Simple Summary: Chlamydia psittaci, an obligate intracellular gram-negative bacterium and economically relevant pathogen in poultry and pet birds, could cause psittacosis/ornithosis, and is also a human pathogen causing atypical pneumonia after zoonotic transmission. H9N2 influenza virus, a low pathogenic avian influenza viruses subtype, has become endemic in different types of domestic poultry in lots of countries, resulting in great economic loss due to reduced egg production or high mortality associated with co-infection with other pathogens. These two pathogens are easily mixed with other pathogens to aggravate the disease, and C. psittaci and H9N2 often cause mixed infection. Co-infection of C. psittaci with H9N2 commonly induces severe pneumonia and high mortality in SPF chickens. According to previous studies, we postulated that C. psittaci infection may beneficial for the replication of H9N2 in HD11. Consequently, in this study, we clarify the pathogenic mechanism of coinfection with C. psittaci and H9N2 in the chicken macrophage cell line HD11, which is the first study of the coinfection of C. psittaci and H9N2 in vitro. Abstract:We investigated the effect regarding coinfection of C. psittaci and H9N2 on HD11 cells, expecting to find the potential pathogenesis of the coinfection induced airsacculitis. HD11 cells were infected with C. psittaci and/or H9N2 in different orders, and effects of the coinfection on iNOS expression and activity, NO synthesis, cell phagocytosis, and cytokines in HD11 cells were determined. Results showed that coinfection of C. psittaci and H9N2 significantly aggravated the mortality of HD11 cells compared to one pathogen alone. Furthermore, C. psittaci infection increased the replication of H9N2 in HD11 cells, whereas decreased the iNOS, enzyme activity, and NO of HD11 cells with H9N2 infection. Additionally, H9N2 also increased the pathogen loads of C. psittaci in HD11 cells. We also found that C. psittaci infection alone significantly decreased the phagocytosis of HD11 cells, compared to H9N2 alone. What's more, C. psittaci infection increased type Th2 cytokines IL-6 and IL-10 of HD11 cells with H9N2 infection. All the above data indicated that primary C. psittaci infection is able to aggravate H9N2 invasion by down-regulating functions of HD11 cells.Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 12 March 2020

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Mixed infection by fowlpox virus and Chlamydophila psittaci in a commercial laying hen flock

Cited by 8 publications

References 30 publications

Assessment of Chlamydia psittaci Shedding and Environmental Contamination as Potential Sources of Worker Exposure throughout the Mule Duck Breeding Process

Assessment of Chlamydia psittaci Shedding and Environmental Contamination as Potential Sources of Worker Exposure throughout the Mule Duck Breeding Process

A Novel Psittacine Adenovirus Identified During an Outbreak of Avian Chlamydiosis and Human Psittacosis: Zoonosis Associated with Virus-Bacterium Coinfection in Birds

Primary Infection of Chlamydia psittaci Triggers Invasion of H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus by Impairing Functions of Chicken Macrophages

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