Mixed near-field and far-field source localization revised: propagation loss included

Bearing and range estimation with an exact source‐sensor spatial model

“…The following approximation models are considered: (a) Exact phase model without gain attenuation. (b) Fresnel phase approximation with gain attenuation. (c) Fresnel phase approximation without gain attenuation. The above model (c) has been widely used in designing near‐field source localisation algorithms. Only lately, the model (b) has been used for mixed source localisation [37 ], and model (a) has been used to provide an optimal planar array design for near‐field localisation [38 ]. We use these models only for the purpose of evaluating the effect of model mismatch on algorithms.…”