Mixed photo-cross-linked polyvinyl alcohol and calcium-alginate gels for cell entrapment

Development of semi-interpenetrating carbohydrate polymeric hydrogels embedded silver nanoparticles and its facile studies on E. coli

“…Polysaccharides, a class of naturally available carbohydrate polymers, have been used extensively in food industry as gelling agents and for encapsulation of living cells (Cai, Shi, Sherman, & Sun, 1989;Hertzberg, Moen, Vogelsang, & Oestgaard, 1995;Lim & Moss, 1981;Ramesh Babu, Sairam, Hosamani, & Aminabahvi, 2007;Ramesh Babu, Hosamani, & Aminabahvi, 2008). Sodium alginate (NaAlg), a natural polysaccharide, composed of d-mannuronic acid and d-guluronic acid, is derived from the brown seaweeds.…”

Research advances and challenges in anammox immobilization for autotrophic nitrogen removal

“…50 Cross-linking techniques produce an additional polymer layer around the immobilized cell and prevent leakage of the cells into the environment. 24,51 Natural polymeric gels are non-toxic and the growth of immobilized cells is well established in the literature. Synthetic gel immobilization ensures good retention of biomass and an anaerobic environment for the growth of anammox bacteria but the method of preparation of synthetic gels reduces the activity of immobilized cells to a certain extent.…”

Rheological properties and mechanical stability of new gel‐entrapment systems applied in bioreactors

“…Standard 2% Ca-alginate/5% PVA-SbQ gel beads, of approximately 2.5-mm diameter, were made as previously described (Hertzberg et al, 1995;Vogelsang et al, 1997) by mixing a 4% Na-alginate solution and a 10% PVA-SbQ solution overnight and adding the mixed polymer solution dropwise to a gelling solution of 0.05 M CaCl 2 and 0.2 M NaCl to form spherical beads. The beads were left under white light from several 18-W light tubes for 24 h. For prolonged storage, small amounts of NaN 3 /L were added to prevent growth of microorganisms.…”

“…In 1995, we introduced the mixed polymer gel system of a PVA polymer with grafted styrylpyridinium groups (SbQ; Ichimura and Watanabe, 1980) and Ca-alginate (Hertzberg et al, 1995). The alginate component only serves to entrap the stable PVA-SbQ in a suitable spherical bead shape during its photoinduced crosslinking, and may later be rapidly lost due to bacterial degradation in domestic wastewater (Vogelsang and Østgaard, 1996).…”