“…To see this, we may recruit arguments against the hypothesis that indexical shifting amounts to quotation (Anand & Nevins, 2004; Deal, 2017; Deal, 2020): For example, we can wh ‐extract components from the complement clause in (1a). This should be impossible if the clause is quoted (* marks ungrammaticality): -
- Who does Andrea believe is an attorney?
- * Who does Andrea believe ‘is an attorney’?
Here, the defender of the quotational view could reply that (1a) involves mixed quotation (Cappelen & Lepore, 1997; Maier, 2007, 2014a, 2020; Shan, 2010). Mixed quotations are sentences in which we report someone's utterance by quoting only some of the words they used: -
- Bush said that the enemy misunderestimated him.
- Quine said that quotation has a certain anomalous feature.
Following this model, it could be argued that (1a) should be understood as: - Andrea believes that Fiona is an attorney.
However, this reconstruction of (1a) is not immediately transparent as a case of mixed quotation.…”