Mixed Reflux of Gastric and Duodenal Juices Is More Harmful to the Esophagus than Gastric Juice Alone

Comparison of six immunohistochemical markers for the histologic diagnosis of neoplasia in Barrett’s esophagus

“…MUC2 is secreted from goblet cells in Barrett's esophagus. MUC2 has been shown to be present in and relatively specific to human Barrett epithelium, and it likely plays an important role in the cytoprotection against reflux of gastroduodenal contents, including bile acids, the latter being a candidate etiologic factor for the development of Barrett's esophagus [48]. Furthermore, it is well-known that the intestinal differentiation gene CDX2 is an important transcriptional regulator of the MUC2 expression [49].…”

Laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

“…Although the exact mechanism has yet to be clarified, the fundoplication probably controls reflux by inhibiting the triggering of transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation [8]. The role of alkaline reflux in the development of esophagitis has not yet been defined, but might explain the success of antireflux surgery in patients refractory to medication [9]. The gastricemptying studies showed a slightly increased average passage time for solid as well as fluid contents.…”

The Nissen fundoplication: indication, technical aspects and postoperative outcome

“…In conclusion, the clue drawn from pH studies is that anti-reflux surgery should be considered in GERD patients either with prolonged reflux episodes or in those with normal oesophageal acid exposure. The duodenal juice is a further important component of the refluxate and has been considered to be associated with reflux-induced carcinogenesis [10,11,44,45].…”