Mixed Surfactant-Mediated Synthesis of Hierarchical PANI Nanorods for an Enzymatic Glucose Biosensor

Abstract

The hierarchical nanoscale structure plays a crucial role in achieving excellent property, which can successfully be used in preparing tailor-made materials for sensing applications. These hierarchical nanostructures can successfully be prepared with the help of structure directing agents (SDAs). In the present work, we report the preparation of polyaniline (PANI) nanorods in the presence of anionic (sodium dodecyl sulfate, SDS) and nonionic surfactant (pluronic F127) as the SDAs. We prepare a series of ternary composites with a varying ratio of PANI and F127 for a given amount of SDS. The SDS and F127 play a pivotal role as structure directing agents (SDAs) in delivering a hierarchical nanostructure of PANI. Detailed characterization reveals that the in situ polymerization of PANI ensures the formation of the well-dispersed composite. The amphiphilic character of F127 facilitates the formation of a core–shell micellar structure, which in turn facilitates the polymerization of PANI in the core region. We have observed a composition-dependent structure formation of the ternary composites. With increasing the amount of F127, the composite shows higher crystallinity (viz. less porosity) as measured by XRD and microscopy imaging. Among all the prepared composites, the one with an 1:1 ratio of PANI and F127 exhibits less porosity (viz., high crystallinity) as measured by the BET surface area measurement. The XRD analysis does not show a sharp peak, which signifies that the material possesses a polycrystalline structure, as revealed by HRTEM analysis. The polycrystalline nature of the nanorods provides the highest thermal stability, contributes significantly toward the enhanced electrochemical activity, and thus, can successfully be used in sensing applications. The 1:1 material exhibits remarkably high glucose sensitivity (∼486 μA/cm2 mM) over the other ternary composites under amperometric measurements. The sensor shows an excellent electrochemical performance within a range of 5–50 mM with a lower detection limit of ∼4 μM.

Progress of Polyaniline Glucose Sensors for Diabetes Mellitus Management Utilizing Enzymatic and Non-Enzymatic Detection

“…However, for developing PBGS, the most widely reported strategy is the assembly of ternary and quaternary composites with a plethora of materials, including carbonbased nanomaterials (e.g., graphene [72,73], MWCNT [57,74]), metallic nanoparticles (e.g., Au [57,75], Pt [76,77]), and polymers (e.g., PEO [78], polyacrylic acid [79], and SDS [80]). An example of these strategies was presented by Maity et al, developing a composite of aminated (NH 2 ) MWCNT/PAni/rGO/AuNPs over an SPCE [58].…”

Nonenzymatic Flexible Wearable Biosensors for Vitamin C Monitoring in Sweat

“…The diffraction peak at 6.4° represents the periodic distance between N + and H + on the adjacent backbone, and the interplanar spacing ( d ) is 13.9 nm. The diffraction peak at 19.8° is related to periodicity parallel to the PANI chain direction, and the broad peak at around 2θ = 25° is assigned to the vertical cycle of the PANI chain. , In contrast, the PANI-TA film has better crystallinity, followed by the PANI-PA film.…”

“…The diffraction peak at 19.8°is related to periodicity parallel to the PANI chain direction, and the broad peak at around 2θ = 25°is assigned to the vertical cycle of the PANI chain. 35,36 In contrast, the PANI-TA film has better crystallinity, followed by the PANI-PA film.…”

Heterostructured Layer Growth of Polyaniline by Vacuum Thermal Evaporation and Fabrication of Thin-Film Capacitors

“…Conducting polymers have been emerging as a state-of-theart material to play a substantial role into the fabrication of solid-state devices with diverse applications, such as in chemical sensors, 18,19 organic light-emitting diodes, 20,21 solar cells, 22,23 energy storage, 24,25 and biosensors. 26,27 A thin film of conducting polymers must preserve a highly stable structure with an excellent ordered morphology to deliver desired property. Thin films with a geometrically arranged structure are quite responsive for easy charge transport that can successfully be utilized in energy storage applications.…”

“…Conducting polymers have been emerging as a state-of-the-art material to play a substantial role into the fabrication of solid-state devices with diverse applications, such as in chemical sensors, , organic light-emitting diodes, , solar cells, , energy storage, , and biosensors. , A thin film of conducting polymers must preserve a highly stable structure with an excellent ordered morphology to deliver desired property. Thin films with a geometrically arranged structure are quite responsive for easy charge transport that can successfully be utilized in energy storage applications. − In particular, PANI is a favorable candidate for thin-film deposition via thermal evaporation, as acid-doped PANI exhibits good electrical conductivity and environmental stability and is lightweight. , Lee et al have deposited a thin film of PANI-emeraldine salt (ES) on Ag (1 1 0) with the help of thermal evaporation.…”