Mixed Toxoplasma gondii infection and new genotypes in feral cats of Quintana Roo, México

Valenzuela-Moreno, Luis Fernando; Rico-Torres, Claudia Patricia; Cedillo-Peláez, Carlos; Luna-Pastén, Héctor; Méndez-Cruz, Sara Teresa; Lara-Martínez, Gabriela; Correa, Dolores; Caballero-Ortega, Heriberto

doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.03.006

Cited by 16 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…SAG2 and SAG3 were the genes with the highest amount of positive and genotyped results. This correlates with results previously obtained by our group using clinical samples of humans (mother/newborn pairs), feral cats and stray dogs ( Rico-Torres et al, 2018 ; Valenzuela-Moreno et al, 2019 , 2020 ). Our interest was to genotype T. gondii from clinical samples; therefore, the success in the genetic characterization of this parasite was limited but with interesting results, since we were able to identify a triple infection in the brain of mouflon 1: I + II + III at SAG3 gene.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…In México, the presence of more than one strain in a given host has become rather common, because it has been described in animals from neo-tropical regions of México, i.e. in feral cats from Quintana Roo, stray dogs from Chiapas and pigs from Yucatán ( Cubas-Atienzar et al, 2018 ; Valenzuela-Moreno et al, 2019 , 2020 ). However, this phenomenon is not exclusive to those regions, since in human congenital cases from the Valley of Mexico, and now in mouflons from Puebla (both neo-artic regions) we have found mixed infections as well ( Rico-Torres et al, 2018 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Toxoplasma gondii infection in European mouflons (Ovis musimon) and captive wild felines from Puebla, México

Valenzuela-Moreno

Cedillo-Peláez

Rico-Torres

et al. 2020

International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife

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The presence of Toxoplasma gondii in zoos is cause of alert because many susceptible species kept in captivity die of clinical toxoplasmosis. Moreover, excretion of T. gondii oocysts by infected captive wild felines into the facilities could pose a risk to workers. Herbivores in wild collections can serve as sentinels of local transmission, since they get infected by the consumption of oocysts present in ground or water. Both herbivores and felids may reveal the parasite variants which are circulating in the region. We determined the seroprevalence of T. gondii in European mouflons (n = 55) and wild felines (n = 15) from a private zoological collection located in the Eastern region of México, as well as the incidence in 41 of the mouflons using ELISA. The prevalence of T. gondii in mouflons was 14.5% (n = 55) and 17.1% (n = 41) in 2011 and 19.5% in 2012. The estimated incidence was 9.8%–12.2%. In wild felines the frequency was 80%. Four sero-positive animals (two mouflons and the two oldest African lions) were euthanized. Histopathology, conventional PCR (for B1 and SeqRep529 loci) and molecular characterization were carried out. All euthanized animals were positive to T. gondii by PCR. We identified a triple infection (I + II + III) in the brain of a mouflon. In conclusion, a high infective pressure of T. gondii in the collection was found, supported by changes in its prevalence in European mouflons. A high prevalence of infection in wild felines was determined. At least four genotypes of T. gondii are present in herbivores and carnivores, and one mouflon had a mixed infection.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxoplasma gondii infection in European mouflons (Ovis musimon) and captive wild felines from Puebla, México

Valenzuela-Moreno

Cedillo-Peláez

Rico-Torres

et al. 2020

International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife

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“…Previously, we cloned and obtained sequences that are identical to known highly virulent strains as well as to new ones [ 7 , 8 ]. SAG3 is a locus involved in the parasite invasion process, and it is associated with its virulence [ 9 , 10 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…SAG3 is a locus involved in the parasite invasion process, and it is associated with its virulence [ 9 , 10 ]. We have been successful in amplifying and genotyping this marker by PCR-RFLP from clinical samples, detecting several mixed infections [ 7 , 8 , 11 , 12 ]. We previously reported two triple infections (I + II + III) by RFLP in blood samples of feral cats from the Mexican Caribbean, a finding that is becoming quite common in the country.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

SAG3 Toxoplasma gondii cloning reveals unexpected fivefold infection in the blood of feral cats in the Mexican Caribbean

et al. 2022

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Background Currently, more than 300 genotypes of Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) have been described throughout the world, demonstrating its wide genetic diversity. The SAG3 locus is one of the genes included in the genotyping panel of this parasite. It is associated with its virulence since it participates during the invasion process of the host cells. Therefore, cloning, sequencing, and bioinformatic analysis were used to deepen the understanding of the SAG3 locus genetic diversity of T. gondii in blood samples from feral cats. Results Six different SAG3 sequences were detected, five of which were detected in one feline. Three sequences were first reported here; one of them was an intragenic recombinant. In the cladogram, four out of ten SAG3 sequences did not share nodes with others reported worldwide. Conclusions Cloning and sequencing of samples with more than one restriction pattern by PCR-RFLP were very helpful tools to demonstrate the presence of more than three genotypes of T. gondii in the blood of feral cats from southeastern Mexico. This suggests a potential mixed infection of multiple T. gondii strains and high genetic diversity of the parasites in felines in this tropical region of Mexico.

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“…Atypical strains are also related to high virulence, in some cases, can cause congenital ocular toxoplasmosis and acute systemic toxoplasmosis even in immunocompetent individuals (Howe & Sibley, 1995;Saeij et al, 2005;Cortés et al, 2019). Mixed infections are rare, but may occur when more than one strain of T. gondii are found simultaneously with molecular assays in a host (Moreno et al, 2019). Therefore, the combination of genes during sexual cycle in felids gut led to more than 200 genotypes, which can be characterized by ToxoDB database.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A systematic review of Toxoplasma gondii genotypes in Gallus gallus domesticus worldwide: The focus is Brazil

Costa

Barbosa

Prado

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Toxoplasma gondii was initially classified in three main lineages related to its virulence: Types I, II and III. The recombination of genes during sexual cycle in felids gut led to more than 200 genotypes, found in ToxoDB database, using 11 RFLP markers. Free-range chickens are good bioindicators of soil contamination with T. gondii oocysts. In this sense, there are systematic reviews regarding data of genetic characterization of this parasite in felines and ruminants, but not in chickens heretofore, what makes this work necessary. A systematic review in the literature was performed with papers published prior to September 21st, 2020. The main inclusion criteria was the presence of T. gondii genotypes, isolated strictly from free-range chickens, in experimental works. Initially, a total of 1,343 studies related to the terms were identified on databases and 30 studies were selected to be systematically reviewed. A total of 561 isolates of T. gondii from 6,356 free-range chickens were analyzed for genotyping, revealing 190 genotypes. ToxoDB #59 and #2 were the most frequent in America, #1 was the most frequent in Africa and 3 atypical isolates from genotype ToxoDB #9 were found in Asia. There is not data from Europe and Oceania. The majority of studies were Brazilian (16/30). A total of 68 RFLP genotypes were recognized among the 561 isolates’ DNAs analyzed from the 30 studies. Some studies show new genotypes never described before, which reinforces the idea that some years from now, even more new genotypes will be isolated, due to progressive genetic recombination. The large amount of undefined genotypes makes it necessary to perform Nested PCR technique when genotyping. Moreover, the lack of data in Continents such as Europe, Asia and Oceania makes it necessary to perform new isolating and genotyping studies in these places.

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Mixed Toxoplasma gondii infection and new genotypes in feral cats of Quintana Roo, México

Cited by 16 publications

References 40 publications

Toxoplasma gondii infection in European mouflons (Ovis musimon) and captive wild felines from Puebla, México

Toxoplasma gondii infection in European mouflons (Ovis musimon) and captive wild felines from Puebla, México

SAG3 Toxoplasma gondii cloning reveals unexpected fivefold infection in the blood of feral cats in the Mexican Caribbean

A systematic review of Toxoplasma gondii genotypes in Gallus gallus domesticus worldwide: The focus is Brazil

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