Mixing methods for solid state electrodes: Techniques, fundamentals, recent advances, and perspectives

Fernandez-Diaz, L.; Castillo, Julen; Sasieta-Barrutia, E.; Arnaiz, María; Cabello, Marta; Judez, Xabier; Terry, A.; Otaegui, Laida; Morant‐Miñana, Maria C.; Villaverde, Aitor

doi:10.1016/j.cej.2023.142469

Cited by 26 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 116 publications

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“…A R2R electrode manufacturing process starts by selecting the best mixing technique and tool for the slurry processing [26]. At lab-scale, when few ml (i.e.…”

Section: Slurry Processing: Hc and Ac-li 2 C 4 Omentioning

confidence: 99%

Roll-to-roll double side electrode processing for the development of pre-lithiated 80 F lithium-ion capacitor prototypes

Arnaiz,

Canal-Rodríguez,

Martin-Fuentes

et al. 2023

J. Phys. Energy

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Lithium-ion capacitors (LICs) show promise to help lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and electrical double layer capacitors (EDLCs) in giving response to those applications that require an energy storage solution. However, pre-lithiation is a major challenge that needs to be tackled in order to develop efficient and long-lasting LIBs and LICs. In this work, we report for the first time the scale-up and utilization of sacrificial salts (dilithium squarate, Li2C4O4) as a pre-lithiation strategy in a LIC prototype fabricated in a pilot line. The synthesis of the sacrificial salt is scaled-up to produce 1 kg and is later incorporated in the positive electrode during the slurry formulation. After in-depth process optimization, 12 meter of a double side electrode are fabricated, achieving a high mass loading of 5.5 mg cm−2 for the HC negative electrode, and 14 mg cm−2 for the positive electrode accounting both the activated carbon and the dilithium squarate. On account of the satisfactory mechanical and electrochemical behaviour of the electrodes, multilayer pouch cell LIC prototypes are fabricated reaching 80 F each. Pre-lithiation is completed during the first ten cycles and after the required gas exhaustion, electrochemical performance of prototypes is also satisfactory. Moreover, fabricated pouch cells overcome a float test of 1600 h at 50 °C showing a capacitance retention of 84.3%. These results give clear evidence for the potential use of this strategy in real products and can foster research in the field to promote pre-lithiation by means of sacrificial salts as the final solution to the pre-lithiation step, both for LIBs and LICs.

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“…A R2R electrode manufacturing process starts by selecting the best mixing technique and tool for the slurry processing [26]. At lab-scale, when few ml (i.e.…”

Section: Slurry Processing: Hc and Ac-li 2 C 4 Omentioning

confidence: 99%

Roll-to-roll double side electrode processing for the development of pre-lithiated 80 F lithium-ion capacitor prototypes

Arnaiz,

Canal-Rodríguez,

Martin-Fuentes

et al. 2023

J. Phys. Energy

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“…Mechanochemical synthesis has various applications, including the preparation, functionalization, and transformation of metal-organic frameworks [79][80][81][82][83][84][85][86][87][88], different metal hydrides , (bi)metallic imidazolate compounds [114][115][116], and other energy storage materials, which are synthesized mechanochemically. Lately, mixing/milling techniques have been widely used in the mechanochemical synthesis of solid electrolytes and the processing of cathode composites, e.g., the preparation of functional composite materials and the production of ASSB components, even at a large scale [16,24,29,36,78,85,[117][118][119][120][121][122][123][124][125][126]. Recent studies have demonstrated that mechanical milling has the potential to significantly enhance conductivity by five orders of magnitude at ambient temperature; this remarkable improvement renders mechanical milling an attractive technique for utilization in ASSBs [127].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanochemical Synthesis of Solid-State Electrolytes

Burazer,

Popović

2024

Inorganics

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In recent decades, the field of materials research has put significant emphasis on developing innovative platforms that have the potential to address the increasing global energy demand. Batteries have demonstrated their enormous effectiveness in the context of energy storage and consumption. However, safety issues associated with liquid electrolytes combined with a low abundance of lithium in the Earth’s crust gave rise to the development of solid-state electrolytes and cations other than lithium. The commercial production of solid-state batteries demands the scaling up of solid-state electrolyte syntheses as well as the mixing of electrode composites containing solid electrolytes. This review is motivated by the recent literature, and it gives a thorough overview of solid-state electrolytes and highlights the significance of the employed milling and dispersing procedures for the resulting ionic transport properties.

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“…The mixing process in battery cell production has a major impact on the performance of the battery as it affects the microstructure in the cells by changing the particle size distribution and dispersion of the electrode components. It also has a major impact on the rheological properties of the electrode pastes, thus affecting the processability of the materials in downstream production steps [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. The mixing step can be performed in either batch or continuous operation depending on the production scale.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The mixing step can be performed in either batch or continuous operation depending on the production scale. The continuous process has several advantages over the batch process, mainly because it allows flexibility in both production rates and processing conditions, while at the same time, it allows a reduction in quality fluctuations [1,2]. The integration of a twin-screw extruder as a suitable continuous mixing device in the battery production process has been addressed by various researchers and is widely used in the industry [1,2,9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The continuous process has several advantages over the batch process, mainly because it allows flexibility in both production rates and processing conditions, while at the same time, it allows a reduction in quality fluctuations [1,2]. The integration of a twin-screw extruder as a suitable continuous mixing device in the battery production process has been addressed by various researchers and is widely used in the industry [1,2,9]. Further, extrusion of battery slurries compared to other mixing techniques has shown promising advantages in terms of flexibility, reducing operating costs, and the ability to process slurries with low solvent content [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Continuous Anode Slurry Production in Twin-Screw Extruders: Effects of the Process Setup on the Dispersion

Meza Gonzalez,

Nirschl,

Rhein

2024

Batteries

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Screw design in the extrusion process has an important effect on the distribution of material through the extruder, resulting in partially filled sections in the processing zone. Accordingly, the local accumulation of material in the extruder leads to variations in material strain conditions and also influences the local residence time of the material in a given screw section. This work evaluates particle dispersion in anode slurry considering three different screw arrangements. The particle size distribution is considered as a quality parameter representing the microstructure of the battery slurry components and their distribution. Numerical simulation of the material flow behavior through a laboratory extruder was performed to investigate the filling ratios and resulting shear rates for different screw designs and process conditions. The importance of process parameters and a suitable screw configuration to achieve specific particle sizes in battery slurry is discussed.

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Mixing methods for solid state electrodes: Techniques, fundamentals, recent advances, and perspectives

Cited by 26 publications

References 116 publications

Roll-to-roll double side electrode processing for the development of pre-lithiated 80 F lithium-ion capacitor prototypes

Roll-to-roll double side electrode processing for the development of pre-lithiated 80 F lithium-ion capacitor prototypes

Mechanochemical Synthesis of Solid-State Electrolytes

Continuous Anode Slurry Production in Twin-Screw Extruders: Effects of the Process Setup on the Dispersion

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