Mixing zone and drinking water intake dilution factor and wastewater generation distributions to enable probabilistic assessment of down-the-drain consumer product chemicals in the U.S.

Kapo, Katherine E.; McDonough, Kathleen; Federle, Thomas W.; Dyer, Scott D.; Vamshi, Raghu

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.02.105

Cited by 17 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 16 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…For example, Kasprzyk‐Hordern et al (2009) studied BP‐3 removal in trickling filter and AS WWTPs and recorded similar removal rates. Leveraging AS removal is ideal because it is the predominant WWTP treatment type in the United States with 86% of wastewater being treated by AS (Kapo et al, 2015), the treatment type most often characterized with experimental removal data (Ramos et al, 2016; Verlicchi et al, 2012), and the treatment type used in WWTP removal models (e.g., SimpleTreat, Struijs, 2014).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

National scale down‐the‐drain environmental risk assessment of oxybenzone in the United States

Burns¹,

Csiszar

Roush

et al. 2021

Integr Envir Assess & Manag

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This article is part of the special series "Consequences of Sunscreen Product Use on Aquatic Environments." This series documents the current state of knowledge concerning potential impacts of chemicals derived from sunscreen products on freshwater and marine ecosystems, including coral reefs. Specific topics discussed include use patterns, environmental loadings, potential exposures, toxicological effects, and future research needs.

show abstract

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

National scale down‐the‐drain environmental risk assessment of oxybenzone in the United States

Burns¹,

Csiszar

Roush

et al. 2021

Integr Envir Assess & Manag

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Although the iSTREEM model currently does not directly incorporate a probabilistic component, the model can be used as a tool within a probabilistic assessment. Dilution factors computed by the model can be fitted to probability functions and used in Monte Carlo simulations with other relevant parameters to quantify risk (e.g., Simonich et al ; Federle et al ; Kapo et al ). Another area in which the iSTREEM model can be applied is within holistic risk assessment approaches where the objective is to determine the relative influence of consumer product ingredients in the context of multiple stressors (physical habitat, point and nonpoint sources, water chemistry, etc.).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

iSTREEM^®: An approach for broad-scale in-stream exposure assessment of “down-the-drain” chemicals

Kapo

DeLeo

Vamshi

et al. 2016

Integr Environ Assess Manag

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The "in-stream exposure model" iSTREEM(®) , a Web-based model made freely available to the public by the American Cleaning Institute, provides a means to estimate concentrations of "down-the-drain" chemicals in effluent, receiving waters, and drinking water intakes across national and regional scales under mean annual and low-flow conditions. We provide an overview of the evolution and utility of the iSTREEM model as a screening-level risk assessment tool relevant for down-the-drain products. The spatial nature of the model, integrating point locations of facilities along a hydrologic network, provides a powerful framework to assess environmental exposure and risk in a spatial context. A case study compared national distributions of modeled concentrations of the fragrance 1,3,4,6,7,8-Hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8,8,-hexamethylcyclopenta-γ-2-benzopyran (HHCB) and the insect repellent N,N-Diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) to available monitoring data at comparable flow conditions. The iSTREEM low-flow model results yielded a conservative distribution of values, whereas the mean-flow model results more closely resembled the concentration distribution of monitoring data. We demonstrate how model results can be used to construct a conservative estimation of the distribution of chemical concentrations for effluents and streams leading to the derivation of a predicted environmental concentration (PEC) using the high end of the concentration distribution (e.g., 90th percentile). Data requirements, assumptions, and applications of iSTREEM are discussed in the context of other down-the-drain modeling approaches to enhance understanding of comparative advantages and uncertainties for prospective users interested in exposure modeling for ecological risk assessment. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2016;12:782-792. © 2016 SETAC.

show abstract

“…In general, most of the existing WWTPs in the EU (88.7%, [2] and the US (86% according to Kapo [9]) use and rely on the activated sludge process for domestic waste water treatment, where microorganisms mineralize non-recalcitrant organic pollutants to water and carbon dioxide, or degrade/transform them to acceptable forms, like microbial biomass [2,12,17] or the EU and the US an equivalent treatment efficiency was assumed (US:EU = 1).…”

Section: Extrapolation Factor Us/eumentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparing the European Union System for the Evaluation of Substances (EUSES) environmental exposure calculations with monitoring data for alkyl sulphate surfactants

Spaniol¹,

Bergheim

Dawick

et al. 2021

Environ Sci Eur

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background The European surfactant and detergent industry initiated a project to conduct an EUSES-based environmental exposure assessment for the total volume of alkyl sulfate (AS) surfactants, and to verify if the EUSES assessment leads to a realistic prediction of the environmental exposure or to an over- respectively under-estimation of the environmental concentrations of the surfactants. Verification of the EUSES environmental concentration prediction (Clocaleffluent) was carried out by benchmarking them against environmental monitoring data. Recently published data from the United States of America adjusted to the European Union (EU) frame conditions were used for the assessment, as for the EU only historical data from the mid-1990s are available. In addition to the standard (default) EUSES assessment, a higher tier assessment using substance-specific properties, particularly increased biodegradation rates (192 per day instead of the default of 24 per day for WWTP), was conducted. Results A figure of 178,400 tonnes of AS was established as the total maximum volume (2016) handled annually in Europe. This total volume includes the volumes from all EU manufacturers and all registered AS > 100 t/a, as well as the amount of AS contained in EU REACH registered alkyl ether sulfates (AES). The total tonnage was split and assigned to the different uses as reported to ECHA in the C12 AS, Na (151-21-3) registration dossier in 2010. The EUSES calculation was limited to widespread (professional and consumer) uses, covering in total 97,889 t of AS homologues. The EUSES calculation gave a Clocaleffluent of 335 µg/L for the SimpleTreat “readily” biodegradation rate default and a Clocaleffluent of 44.6 µg/L for the AS-specific degradation rates. Recent US monitoring data showed a mean effluent concentration of 4.24 µg alkyl sulfates/L (∑ C12 + C14 + C16 homologues). Taking into account the different annual per capita AS use (including AS from AES) in the US (295 g) and the EU (348 g), the daily per capita water use (EU 200 L, US 408 L), and the WWTP efficiency in the EU and the US (comparable), an US to EU adjustment factor of 2.4 was established. Application of the adjustment factor to the US monitoring data resulted in a calculated EU mean effluent concentration = 10.18 µg alkyl sulfates/L (∑ C12, C14, C16 homologues). This value was used as an independent benchmark for the EUSES calculations. Conclusions Comparing the predicted Clocaleffluent = 335 µg alkyl sulfates/L (SimpleTreat default) and a Clocaleffluent = 44.6 µg Alkyl Sulfates/L (AS-specific degradation rates) with the 10.18 µg alkyl sulfates/L from the adjusted monitoring data it is evident, that the EUSES calculation overestimates the AS environmental exposure by factors of > 32 and > 4, respectively. Taking into consideration, that only widespread uses (covering only 50% of the total AS volume) were included in the EUSES calculation, the overestimation of the default exposure by a factor of 4 is still conservative, despite the fact, that eightfold higher, substance-specific biodegradation rates were used. In conclusion, using the 2010 C12-AS REACH dossier (CAS-No. 151-21-3) as an example, it has been shown, that EUSES model exposure calculations using default biodegradation rates significantly overestimate effluent concentrations.

show abstract

Mixing zone and drinking water intake dilution factor and wastewater generation distributions to enable probabilistic assessment of down-the-drain consumer product chemicals in the U.S.

Cited by 17 publications

References 16 publications

National scale down‐the‐drain environmental risk assessment of oxybenzone in the United States

National scale down‐the‐drain environmental risk assessment of oxybenzone in the United States

iSTREEM^®: An approach for broad-scale in-stream exposure assessment of “down-the-drain” chemicals

Comparing the European Union System for the Evaluation of Substances (EUSES) environmental exposure calculations with monitoring data for alkyl sulphate surfactants

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Mixing zone and drinking water intake dilution factor and wastewater generation distributions to enable probabilistic assessment of down-the-drain consumer product chemicals in the U.S.

Cited by 17 publications

References 16 publications

National scale down‐the‐drain environmental risk assessment of oxybenzone in the United States

National scale down‐the‐drain environmental risk assessment of oxybenzone in the United States

iSTREEM®: An approach for broad-scale in-stream exposure assessment of “down-the-drain” chemicals

Comparing the European Union System for the Evaluation of Substances (EUSES) environmental exposure calculations with monitoring data for alkyl sulphate surfactants

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

iSTREEM^®: An approach for broad-scale in-stream exposure assessment of “down-the-drain” chemicals