Mixture optimization of synthesized zeolites 4A and 13X for solar adsorption refrigeration application

Abstract

In a way to overcome challenges with global warming, the use of fossil fuels in producing environmentally friendly energy towards reducing the ozone layer depletion and greenhouse gas emissions by participating countries is of interest. The adsorption refrigeration system has the advantages of a long lifespan and its environmental friendliness; however, its major disadvantage is the low coefficient of performance which is a function of adsorbent-adsorbate, with Zeolite-water as the most common adsorbent–adsorbate working pair. Zeolite 4A and 13X are the most used Zeolite classes due to their higher selectivity for separating mixtures of CO2/N2 and CO2/CH4/N2 and their high-water adsorption capability, respectively. In this study, for the first time, the synthesis of Zeolite 4A and 13X from natural sources (Kankara kaolin) and the mixture optimization for solar adsorption refrigeration application were considered. Raw Kankara kaolin, beneficiated Kankara kaolin, calcined Kankara kaolin, and synthesised Zeolite 4A and 13X were characterised using X-ray fluorescence (XRF), while the synthesised Zeolite 4A and 13X were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD). Using the mixture simplex lattice design of experiment, mixtures of Zeolite 4A and 13X were developed and characterized using Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET) analysis to obtain their pore size, specific surface area, and pore volume. The statistical analysis produced the mathematical models of the response which were significant for pore size and specific surface area. The analysis proposed an optimal solution of 75 wt% Zeolite 4A and 25 wt% Zeolite 13X which gave a desirability of 0.944.

Response surface methodology optimization of the effect of pH, contact time, and microbial concentration on chemical oxygen removal potential of vegetable oil industrial effluents

“…However, this method has several drawbacks, including being time‐consuming, overlooking potential interactions between variables, and sometimes failing to identify the true optimal conditions (Rajula et al, 2020). For instance, the mixture optimization method is only suitable for mixture experimental studies (Sowunmi et al, 2022; Sulaiman et al, 2024). On the contrary, response surface methodology (RSM) presents a widely adopted technique for optimizing treatment processes.…”

Utilization of Bengkalis Beach Sand Silica as Raw Material in the Synthesis of Zeolite 4A

“…As a porous material, zeolite 4A has various uses, including water purification and toxic heavy metals removal (Rahman et al, 2018;Wu et al, 2018;Al-Jubouri et al, 2019), adsorbent (Wang et al, 2019) , catalysts, ion exchange membranes, and molecular sieve (Ginting et al, 2019) . The source of silica in the synthesis of zeolite 4A can come from kaolin (Du and Yang, 2010;Li et al, 2010;Omisanya et al, 2012;H Kareem et al, 2014;Golbad et al, 2017;Garcia Mendoza, 2017;Du and Yang, 2010;Rahman et al, 2018;Mgbemere et al, 2019;Wang et al, 2019;Dahani et al, 2020;Sowunmi et al, 2022) sugar cane bagasse, rice husks, coal bottom ash (CBA), coal fly ash (CFA), natural zeolite (Ginting et al, 2019) , basalt rock (Hwang et al, 2018) , opal waste rock (Wu et al, 2018) , bauxite (Rahman et al, 2021) , from chemicals (Menad et al, 2016;Paprica et al, 2022) and waste sludge from water treatment plants (Wongwichien et al, 2014) . In this research, the silica extracted from BBS was used as raw material for making zeolite 4A.…”

Simulation of the performance of continuous solar-powered adsorption refrigeration system for optimal use in Zaria, Nigeria

“…The easiest approach to finish the cycle in 2 days is to shade one bed, connect it to the evaporator on day one, and heat it for desorption on day two. 3,11 Umair et al 12 built a simulation model to analyse the dynamic behaviour of their solar-powered refrigeration system and contrast it with the behaviour of a traditional system. The system performed well with a high heat transfer coefficient between the receiver and bed.…”