Mixtures of glyphosate and surfactant TN20 accelerate cell death via mitochondrial damage-induced apoptosis and necrosis

Re-registration Challenges of Glyphosate in the European Union

“…Glyphosate alone did not exert cytotoxicity at up to 0.17 mg/ml (100 µM) (Song et al, 2012;Kim et al, 2013).…”

Surfactant 4-nonylphenyl-polyethylene glycol stimulates reactive oxygen species generation and apoptosis in human neuroblastoma cells

“…The contribution of surfactants to pesticide poisoning has been the focus of many recent studies Kim et al, 2013;Seok et al, 2011;Song et al, 2012a). Our previous work demonstrated that surfactants have toxic effects in cells, including disruption of cell membrane integrity and protein synthesis and alteration of metabolic and mitochondrial activities (Song et al, 2012b), with mitochondrial damage leading to apoptosis and necrosis .…”

Glyphosate toxicity and carcinogenicity: a review of the scientific basis of the European Union assessment and its differences with IARC

“…This mode of action is different from glyphosate, while similar to that observed for glyphosate-based formulations (Benachour and Seralini 2009). These tallowamines also produce oxidative and DNA damage (Nobels et al 2011), and increase the apoptotic potential of glyphosate (Kim et al 2013). Other surfactants as well as solvents used in pesticides formulations are cytotoxic and, possibly, genotoxic (Nobels et al 2011).…”

“…About 25% of the articles cover the toxicity endpoints in humans and all types of organisms, and the majority is conducted with glyphosate-based formulations, containing other ingredients. Some ingredients may be more toxic than glyphosate for non-plant species (Kim et al 2013; Mesnage et al 2013; Nobels et al 2011), ingredients classified as carcinogenic or mutagenic are not expected to be used and must be indicated in the label, however, the full composition of the formulation is not disclosed by the manufacturers, therefore, it is impossible for researchers to apply mixture toxicity methods and attribute toxicity to specific ingredients.…”