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Fuglestvedt, Jan S.; Berntsen, Terje; Godal, Odd; Sausen, R.; Shine, Keith P.; Skodvin, Tora

doi:10.1023/a:1023905326842

Cited by 294 publications

(102 citation statements)

References 90 publications

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“…Hence, even if the positive ozone and negative methane RFs (or indeed the resulting surface-temperature change) were fortuitously to cancel in the global mean, it would not mean that the local climate impact would be zero. In addition, even the global-mean temperature response may depend on the regional distribution of the RF, a fact that recently has begun to be considered in metric design (6,18).…”

Section: Difficulties In Defining a Gwp For No Xmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There is a delicate balance between metrics that adequately include our understanding of the relevant climateimpact parameters (e.g., sea-level rise, ecosystem change, economic consequences, etc.) and those with a level of scientific uncertainty and controversy low enough to be perceived as acceptable by policy makers; this may be one reason the GWP, despite its shortcomings (4,23,24), has retained favor in terms of its use in the Kyoto Protocol (18).…”

Section: Difficulties In Defining a Gwp For No Xmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This ''efficacy'' can be included by multiplying the absolute metrics by the appropriate climate sensitivity parameter, , which measures ⌬T s for a unit RF (6,18). Although the absolute value of is poorly known (1), the relative dependency of on the nature of the RF seems more robust (28,29).…”

Section: Metrics Using Global-mean Inputsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are many additional nuances that can be added to metrics that we do not pursue; for example, some have argued for the inclusion of a discount rate, e Ϫrt , where r is a constant and t is time, such that near-term changes are deemed more important than distant future changes (18,30).…”

Section: Metrics Using Global-mean Inputsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Scientific issues in the design of metrics for inclusion of oxides of nitrogen in global climate agreements

Shine

Berntsen²,

Fuglestvedt³

et al. 2005

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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The Kyoto Protocol seeks to limit emissions of various greenhouse gases but excludes short-lived species and their precursors even though they cause a significant climate forcing. We explore the difficulties that are faced when designing metrics to compare the climate impact of emissions of oxides of nitrogen (NO x) with other emissions. There are two dimensions to this difficulty. The first concerns the definition of a metric that satisfactorily accounts for its climate impact. NO x emissions increase tropospheric ozone, but this increase and the resulting climate forcing depend strongly on the location of the emissions, with low-latitude emissions having a larger impact. NO x emissions also decrease methane concentrations, causing a global-mean radiative forcing similar in size but opposite in sign to the ozone forcing. The second dimension of difficulty concerns the intermodel differences in the values of computed metrics. We explore the use of indicators that could lead to metrics that, instead of using global-mean inputs, are computed locally and then averaged globally. These local metrics may depend less on cancellation in the global mean; the possibilities presented here seem more robust to model uncertainty, although their applicability depends on the poorly known relationship between local climate change and its societal͞ecological impact. If it becomes a political imperative to include NO x emissions in future climate agreements, policy makers will be faced with difficult choices in selecting an appropriate metric.climate change ͉ climate metrics ͉ Kyoto Protocol T he Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change aims to control emissions of relatively long-lived greenhouse gases. It excludes emissions of short-lived species, or their precursors, perhaps reflecting the difficulties policymakers would have faced had they tried to include them. Nevertheless, short-lived species are believed to contribute significantly to human-induced climate change (1). Their absence from the protocol could weaken efforts to mitigate climate change by weakening the ''comprehensive'' approach embodied in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change; indeed, the U.S. administration has cited the absence of black carbon and tropospheric ozone from the protocol as one reason why they have not become signatories (see www.whitehouse.gov͞news͞releases͞ 2001͞06͞20010611-2.html). The absence could also lead to a distortion of national priorities in emission reductions and discourage full engagement in the protocol if proper credit is not given to measures leading to reductions in climatically significant emissions.The overall question that we pose here is whether there are fundamental barriers to the inclusion of short-lived species in climate treaties. We focus on the most important precursor to tropospheric ozone, oxides of nitrogen (NO x ) (1), which poses some unique difficulties. The discussion has wider applicability to other ozone precursors, aerosols, and contrails and contrail ...

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Section: Difficulties In Defining a Gwp For No Xmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Difficulties In Defining a Gwp For No Xmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Metrics Using Global-mean Inputsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Metrics Using Global-mean Inputsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Scientific issues in the design of metrics for inclusion of oxides of nitrogen in global climate agreements

Shine

Berntsen²,

Fuglestvedt³

et al. 2005

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…temperature response) is complex and its use has been questioned. The results may be misinterpreted, with policymakers assuming that emissions with equal GWP have the same impact on the global temperature, although the relationship may be non-linear [15]. Impulse emissions of a strong GHG with a short lifetime and a weak GHG with a longer lifetime could have the same GWP, but still lead to different climate impacts [16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Climate Impact of Willow Grown for Bioenergy in Sweden

et al. 2014

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Short rotation coppice willow (SRCW) is a fast-growing and potentially high-yielding energy crop. Transition to bioenergy has been identified in Sweden as one strategy to mitigate climate change and decrease the current dependency on fossil fuel. In this study, life cycle assessment was used to evaluate and compare the climate impacts of SRCW systems, for the purpose to evaluate key factors influencing the climate change mitigation potential of SRCW grown on agricultural land in Sweden. Seven different scenarios were defined and analysed to identify the factors most influencing the climate. A carbon balance model was used to model carbon fluxes between soil, biomass and atmosphere under Swedish growing conditions. The results indicated that SRCW can act as a temporary carbon sink and therefore has a mitigating effect on climate change. The most important factor in obtaining a high climate change mitigating effect was shown to be high yield. Low yield gave the worst mitigating effect of the seven scenarios but it was still better than the effect of the reference systems, district heating produced from coal or natural gas.

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2004

Introduction to Organic Geochemistry

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Untitled

Cited by 294 publications

References 90 publications

Scientific issues in the design of metrics for inclusion of oxides of nitrogen in global climate agreements

Scientific issues in the design of metrics for inclusion of oxides of nitrogen in global climate agreements

Climate Impact of Willow Grown for Bioenergy in Sweden

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