“…The maximum volume fraction of the reinforcement either particulate or fibre in various composite materials that have been examined by ultrasonic testing is limited; for example Al/SiC w (V f : 0.25) [14], Al/SiC p (0.0 V f 0.20) [15][16][17][18], Al/SiC p (0.10 V f 0.40) [19], intermetallics/SiC f (interfacial elastic modulus) [20], Al/SiC p (0.0 V f 0.30) [21], Al/SiC p (0.02 V f 0.10) [22], Al/SiC p (0.10 V f 0.40) [23], Al/Al 2 O 3p (0.10 V f 0.20) [24], epoxy/C f , polypropylene/jute (attenuation versus porosity) [25], PEEK/Gr f (non-contact ultrasonics) [26], Al-Si/ZrO 2 (0.05 V f 0.15) [27], TiNi/TiC (0.30 V f 0.70) [28], Al/SiC p (0.0 V f 0.30) [29]. The survey shows that ultrasonic characterization of MMCs was found to focus on composites with low volume fraction.…”