“…Many RING finger proteins have been implicated in regulating transcription through a variety of mechanisms (7), including ubiquitination and degradation of positive (8 -12) or negative regulators of transcription (13)(14)(15). Pathways independent of protein degradation have also been described and may involve protein sumoylation (16), changes in promoter recruitment (17), interference with components of the transcriptional machinery, such as general transcription factors (18,19) or RNA polymerase II (20,21), changes in histone acetylation (22,23), or chromatin rearrangement (24,25).…”