“…Figure 5(a)–(c) showed the image quality (IQ) maps of TZK alloys with different deformation conditions, in which the angles of the high-angle grain boundaries (HAGBs) and low-angle grain boundaries (LAGBs) was greater than 15 ° and 2 °∼15 °, respectively. 34,35 Based on the statistical results of the IQ maps, the number of HAGBs in the DT-1, DT-3 and DT-4 was 92.4%, 87.1% and 47.6%, and the number of LAGBs was 7.6%, 12.9% and 52.4%, respectively. The value of kernel average misorientation (KAM) was defined as a misorientation average of the measurement point and the surrounding nearest neighbor point, which could characterise the transformation of the local strain, local lattice distortion, storage energy and geometrically necessary dislocation density during deformation of metal materials.…”