We demonstrate a direct measurement of the energy levels of impurity-trapped excitons in CaF 2 :Yb 2+ . The radically different radiative decay rates of the lowest exciton state and higher excited states enable the generation of a transient photoluminescence enhancement measured via a two-step excitation process. We observe sharp transitions arising from changes of state of localized electrons, broad bands associated with changes of state of delocalized electrons, and broad bands arising from trap liberation. 14,15 Recent ab initio calculations have given valuable insight into the quantum physics of exciton formation.9 However, the broad bands provide no detailed information, and experimental information on the energy-level structure of impurity-trapped excitons is largely deduced from indirect measurements such as temperature dependencies, 16,17 pressure dependencies, 12 and photoconductivity.
18In this Brief Report, we report on an investigation of the internal structure of impurity-trapped excitons using twofrequency measurements of single-crystal CaF 2 doped with Yb 2+ . By applying IR radiation to the crystal after exciting it in the UV, we induce transitions between exciton states. Since some of the exciton-excited states have much higher radiative rates than the lowest exciton state, we can detect the excited state absorption by monitoring photoluminescence enhancement.CaF 2 :Yb 2+ crystals were grown using the vertical Bridgmann technique. The UV component of our two-frequency excitation was from a Quantronix TOPAS traveling-wave optical parametric amplifier (OPA) providing 3 ps pulses tunable in the 250-400 nm region of interest in this work at a repetition rate of 1 kHz. Pulsed infrared excitation was achieved using the Dutch free electron laser (FEL) FELIX in Nieuwegein. The IR output of FELIX consists of a 4-6 μs macropulse at a repetition rate of 10 Hz, containing micropulses at 25 MHz. FELIX is continuously tunable from 3 to 250 μm. The OPA was synchronized to the FEL, and the electronic timing between the two lasers could be varied. The UV and IR beams were spatially (but not temporally) overlapped on the sample, held at cryogenic temperatures within an Oxford instruments microstat helium flow cryostat. Visible fluorescence was detected using a TRIAX 320 spectrometer equipped with a C31034 photomultiplier. Our results for 365-nm-pulsed UV excitation of CaF 2 :Yb 2+ are consistent 113110-1 1098-0121/2011/84(11)/113110(4)