TcGenerator Development: Up-to-DateTcRecovery Technologies for Increasing the Effectiveness of

Abstract

A review on theMosources available today and on theTcgenerators developed up to date for increasing the effectiveness ofMoutilisation is performed in the format of detailed description of the features and technical performance of the technological groups of theMoproduction andTcrecovery. The latest results of the endeavour in this field are also surveyed in regard of the technical solution for overcoming the shortage ofMosupply. The technological topics are grouped and discussed in a way to reflect the similarity in the technological process of each group. The following groups are included in this review which are high specific activityMo: the current issues of production, the efforts of more effective utilisation, and the high specific activityMo-basedTcgenerator andTcconcentration units; low specific activityMo: theMoproduction based on neutron capture and accelerators and the direct production ofTcand the methods of increasing the specific activity ofMousing Szilard-Chalmers reaction and high electric power isotopic separator; up-to-date technologies ofTcrecovery from low specific activityMo: the solvent extraction-basedTcgenerator, the sublimation methods forMo/Tcseparation, the electrochemical method forTcrecovery, and the column chromatographic methods forTcrecovery. Besides the traditionalTc-generator systems, the integratedTcgenerator systems (Tcgenerator column combined with postelution purification/concentration unit) are discussed with the format of process diagram and picture of real generator systems. These systems are the technetium selective sorbent column-based generators, the high Mo-loading capacity column-based integratedTcgenerator systems which include the saline-eluted generator systems, and the nonsaline aqueous and organic solvent eluent-eluted generator systems using high Mo-loading capacity molybdategel and recently developed sorbent columns.Tcconcentration methods used in theTcrecovery from low specific activityMoare also discussed with detailed process diagrams which are surveyed in two groups forTcconcentration from the saline and nonsalineTc-eluates. The evaluation methods for the performance ofTc-recovery/concentration process and for theTc-elution capability versus Mo-loading capacity of generator column produced using low specific activityMosource are briefly reported. Together with the theoretical aspects ofTc/Moand sorbent chemistry, these evaluation/assessment processes will be useful for any further development in the field of theTcrecovery andMo/Tcgenerator production.

Influence Of Drying Time And Temperature On Zirconium-Based Material (ZBM) Properties For 99Mo/99mTc Generator Development

“…The presence of H 3 O + and Zr-OH in the ZBM was caused by the hydrolysis of Zr-Cl (Le 2014;So et al 2007). Zr-Cl bond was not observed in FTIR spectra, however, its presence was observed by So et al (2017) using thermal analysis and Awaludin et al (2015) using X-ray.…”

Development of multiple-elution cartridge-based radioisotope concentrator device for increasing the 99mTc and 188Re concentration and the effectiveness of 99mTc/99Mo utilisation

“…Use of radioisotope concentrator in optimisation of the generator elution to increase 99m Tc-activity yield and effectiveness of 99 Mo utilisation [5,6] The radioisotope concentration process not only has positive impact on the extension of useful life time of the generators, but also is capable to increase the effectiveness of 99m Tc and 99 Mo utilisation by performing the early elutions of the generator at any time before maximal buildup of 99m Tc. The 99m Tc activity yield of the generator can be increased by performing an optimal regime of multiple ''early'' elutions (the generator is more frequently eluted) combined with a process of 99m Tc-eluate concentration.…”

Molybdenum-99 production pathways and the sorbents for 99Mo/99mTc generator systems using (n, γ) 99Mo: a review

“…Note that enrichment refers to artificially increasing the amount of 98 Mo present in the target relative to the approximate Mo usually has 4 times higher 98 Mo atoms (up to fourfold for > 98% enrichment) compared to the natural Mo. It is reported that the specific activity of 99 Mo production with 8-day irradiation in a reactor with thermal flux 1.0 × 10 14 ncm −2 s −1 can reach the value of about 1.6 Ci 99 Mo/ g of natural and 6 Ci 99 Mo/g of enriched molybdenum target at the end of bombardment (EOB) [20].…”

“…After 120 h of irradiation, the specific activity of 99 Mo was reported to be 16 GBq/g (~ 0.432 Ci/g) for enriched sample and 5 GBq/g (0.135 Ci/g) for natural sample. Yields of 99 Mo can be significantly enhanced by the epithermal neutron activation, hence the selection of the irradiation position is critical particularly in lower flux reactors [12,20]. Toth et al [22] reported that there are several factors such as self-shielding, parasitic absorption, and depletion of the product that must be accounted to identify the effective cross-section as these factors may change the results by 10 to 50%.…”