Mn(II)‐Aloe‐Emodin Nanoscale Coordination Polymer Enhances Ferroptosis by Synergistically Enhancing Reactive Oxygen Species Generation via the Nrf2–GPX4 Axis

Abstract

Ferroptosis induction is particularly promising for cancer therapy when the apoptosis pathway is compromised. Current strategies in nanomedicine for inducing ferroptosis primarily focus on promoting the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, the presence of intracellular antioxidants, such as nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor 2 (Nrf2), can limit the effectiveness of such therapy by activating detoxification systems and eliminating ROS. To overcome this challenge, we developed a synergistic ferroptosis‐inducing agent by modifying manganese (Mn2+)–1,8‐dihydroxy‐3‐hydroxymethyl‐anthraquinone (aloe‐emodin, AE) with polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) to create nanoparticles (MAP NPs). In the tumor microenvironment, these NPs degraded and released AE and Mn(II), facilitating the generation of ROS and Mn(IV) through a Fenton‐like reaction between hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and Mn(II). Mn(IV) subsequently interacts with glutathione (GSH) to induce a cyclic catalytic effect, and the depletion of GSH diminished the activation of glutathione‐dependent peroxidase 4 (GPX4). Furthermore, AE inhibits the activity of Nrf2 and depleted GSH, thereby synergistically enhancing antitumor efficacy. Here it is demonstrated that MAP NPs effectively generate a robust ROS storm within tumor cells, suggesting that high‐performance ferroptosis therapy is effective. Additionally, the inclusion of Mn(II) in the MAP NPs enables real‐time monitoring of therapeutic efficacy via magnetic resonance T1‐weighted contrast imaging.