“…Given the excellent cyclic performance and high security, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are regarded as the main energy supply for electronic devices, for example, notebooks and smartphones. − However, the high cost of lithium and its shortage of natural resources have rendered huge challenges for LIBs in the long-term global energy needs. − Therefore, new energy storage methods and technologies are eagerly to be developed. − Owing to the low price and available resources, sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have been considered as ideal alternatives for LIBs. , Various SIB anodes, including alloys, , metal oxides, , and metal chalcogenides, , have been developed. Among them, Sn-based materials (SnO 2 , SnO, or Sn) show high theoretical storage capacities, such as 790 mA h g –1 for SnO 2 , 875 mA h g –1 for SnO, and 990 mA h g –1 for Sn . However, the great volume expansion of Sn-based materials makes it difficult for them to maintain a high charge capacity in the prepared electrodes.…”