“…Various studies have examined language learners’ perceptions of and voluntary interactions with mobile devices out of class in pedagogically designed learning interventions (Bradley, Lindström & Hashemi, 2017; Petersen, Procter-Legg & Cacchione, 2014; Pollara & Broussard, 2011; Wang & Smith, 2013). These studies have found that learners were in general positive towards mobile learning, but exhibited some reservations in their actual use and expressed concerns over the lack of immediate support in such informal learning contexts (Kim, Ilon & Altmann, 2013; Liu, Kuo, Shi & Chen, 2015; Stockwell, 2010; Waragai, Raindl, Ohta & Miyasaka, 2016). It was also found that students used the prescribed apps primarily during working hours and working days, and equally in both public and private places (Castrillo, Martín Monje & Bárcena, 2014; Read, Bárcena & Kukulska-Hulme, 2016).…”