“…Mobile-assisted language learning (MALL) has attracted considerable attention in recent years (e.g., Dashtestani, 2016 ; Hwang and Fu, 2019 ; Chen et al, 2020 ; Nazari and Xodabande, 2020 , 2021 ; Rassaei, 2020 , 2021 ; Burston and Giannakou, 2021 ; Dashtestani and Hojatpanah, 2021 ), and a large number of studies investigated the use of different delivery mediums and environments (such as SMS, MMS, and mobile applications) for learning ESL/EFL vocabulary ( Mahdi, 2017 ; Lin and Lin, 2019 ). Overall, the findings from this growing body of knowledge indicated that the use of SMS/MMS and mobile applications including context-aware, gaming, and researcher-designed platforms contributed significantly to improvements in EFL learners’ vocabulary knowledge ( Mahdi, 2017 ; Xodabande, 2017 ; Lin and Lin, 2019 ; Soyoof et al, 2021 ).…”