“…[8][9][10]28 These TE contribute to gene activation or inactivation through structural gene disruption and promoter disorder, resulting in genetic variation through plasticity and evolutional aspects of bacterial genomes. 1,3,6 Case studies on the effects of TE on bacterial genomes have been published for a variety of bacteria, including Escherichia coli, 29,30 Acinetobacter baumannii, 31,32 Bacillus, 33,34 Klebsiella pneumoniae, 32 Mycobacterium, 12,35,36 Lactococcus garvieae, 37 Burkholderia multivorans, 38 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 11 Pseudomonas stutzeri, 39 Thermus spp., 40 D. radiodurans, [14][15][16]41 and D. geothermalis. 17 Taking L. garvieae as an example, 77 published genomes from 12 strains reveal 15 types of IS elements and 4 families of ISs (IS3, IS982, IS6, and IS21).…”