“…Similarly, in mobile learning environments, the perceived flexibility advantage is critical to learning effectiveness and efficiency (Clay 2011;Gedik et al 2012;Huang, Tang, Lee, & Yang, 2017;Sung et al 2015); that is, mobile technology enables individuals to access learning materials anytime and anywhere. This is very convenient and important for learners (Gedik et al, 2012;Hamat, Embi, & Hassan, 2012;Sung et al, 2015), mainly because the flexibility advantage of time and place in mobile learning helps learners gain knowledge more easily and conveniently. For example, Hamat et al (2012) have suggested that "mobile computing devices in various form factors such as tablets and smart phones have not only been a viable platform to carry out various tasks, but also being rapidly improved in terms of usability, processing power and connectivity" (p. 406).…”