Mobility and Academic Entrepreneurship: An Empirical Analysis of Japanese Scientists

Entrepreneurship, intrapreneurship and scientific mobility: The Spanish case

“…Almost all of the rates obtained in the various stages of the entrepreneurship process defined by GEM [41, 49] are a lot lower than national and international rates, which is congruous with the small number of companies created by scientists, as shown in previous studies [32, 39]. However, the mobile groups of SSA and SRS separately show better figures than the YRS in these stages, with the exception of SSA in new entrepreneurship and discontinuation among SRS.…”

“…Therefore, in order to guarantee the validity of the survey, the following definitions established in the GEM Adult Population Survey have been used, meaning that such comparisons can be made with international [49] and national [41] data. Also, in order to discover the fundamental reasons for the effectivity of scientific mobility for the promotion of entrepreneurship and intrapreneurship, questions related in this regard to previous literature were included in the survey [30–32]. Added to these reasons is specific training in entrepreneurship, as an important source of human capital that an entrepreneur [50] has and that may have been acquired by researchers.…”

“…Also in this block are a series of variables taken from the literature mentioned in the introduction to the paper [30–32, 50] for which the researcher’s experience may have been effective: (3) Recognition of business opportunities for entrepreneurship , (4) Acquisition of entrepreneurship basic knowledge (applying for public or private funding , drawing up a business plan , marketing , human resources , organization , among others) for the project(s) , (5) Access to networks of high entrepreneurial culture to support the project(s) , (6) Access to financial resources to support the project(s) , (7) Development of entrepreneurial skills (leadership , problem solving , organization , planning , decision making , among others) for the project(s) and (8) Influence from academic entrepreneurs/intrapreneurs .…”

“…Moreover, this knowledge acquired through international experience allows them access to resources, networks of high entrepreneurial culture, the influence from academic entrepreneurs and to develop these skills, so international mobility improves entrepreneurship [32]. …”

“…Other authors, such as Yasuda [32] also highlight the fact that scientists create few companies, but their role in carrying out other kinds of entrepreneurial activities within their organizations, such as intrapreneurship, can also be very important. A study by the World Economic Forum (WEF) in collaboration with Global Monitor Entrepreneurship (GEM) [40] on the adult population shows that countries with more intrapreneurs in their organizations create more jobs and are more competitive than those with more entrepreneurs.…”