Mobility, Degradation, and Uptake of Indaziflam under Greenhouse Conditions

Abstract

<jats:p>The objectives of this study were to evaluate the leaching, degradation, uptake, and mass balance of indaziflam, as well as its potential to produce phytotoxicity effects on young pecan trees. Pecan trees were planted in pots with homogeneous porous media (sandy loam soil), preferential flow channels open to the soil surface, and shallow tillage at the soil surface. Pots were treated with indaziflam at two application rates of 25 and 50 g a.i./ha in 2014 and 2015. Each pecan tree was irrigated with 7 L of water every 2 weeks during the growing season. An irrigation volume of 2 L was used to maximize indaziflam retention time in the soil from Dec. 2015 until the end of the trees’ dormant stage. In 2014, leachate samples were collected after each irrigation for quantifying indaziflam mobility. Soil samples were collected at depths of 0 to 12 and 12 to 24 cm after 45, 90, and 135 days of indaziflam application, and leaf samples were collected at the end of the growing season to quantify mobility and uptake. Indaziflam was detected in leachate samples, and the leaf indaziflam content increased with increasing application rate. Indaziflam and its breakdown products were detected at both sampling depths. Mass recovery and half-life values for indaziflam in the soil ranged from 38% to 68% and 63 to 99 days, respectively. No phytotoxicity effects were observed from increasing application rate and retention time of indaziflam in the soil. Most of the applied indaziflam was retained in the soil at shallow depth.</jats:p>

Effects of Using Indaziflam and Activated Carbon Seed Technology in Efforts to Increase Perennials in Ventenata dubia–Invaded Rangelands

“…1 C). This may be because indaziflam has low mobility in the soil, with most of it retained in the soil at shallow depths ( Jhala and Singh 2012 ;Guerra et al 2016 ;González-Delgado and Shukla 2020 ). Indaziflam was still effectively controlling annual grasses in the third yr post application but may not be quite as effective as it was in the second yr post application.…”

“…Ventenata's success at invading this wide variety of plant communities is likely because it is highly competitive and can displace native perennial grasses and even other exotic annual grasses ( Prather and Burke 2011 ;McKay et al 2017 ;Jones et al 2020 ). This subsequently leads to declines in biodiversity, degradation of wildlife habitat, and decreases in forage production ( Fryer 2017 ;Jones et al 2020 ). Similar to other exotic annual grasses, ventenata senesces earlier than native perennial grasses and increases fine fuel continuity, leading to increased potential for wildfires ( Fryer 2017 ).…”

“…This subsequently leads to declines in biodiversity, degradation of wildlife habitat, and decreases in forage production ( Fryer 2017 ;Jones et al 2020 ). Similar to other exotic annual grasses, ventenata senesces earlier than native perennial grasses and increases fine fuel continuity, leading to increased potential for wildfires ( Fryer 2017 ). Consequently, restoration of ventenata-invaded plant communities is often a management priority.…”