Mobility Patterns in Different Age Groups in Japan during the COVID-19 Pandemic: a Small Area Time Series Analysis through March 2021

Nomura, Shuhei; Tanoue, Yuta; Yoneoka, Daisuke; Gilmour, Stuart; Kawashima, Takayuki; Eguchi, Akifumi; Matsubara, Hiroaki

doi:10.1007/s11524-021-00566-7

Cited by 19 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Therefore, the decreasing R t after the second peak in mid-February is likely a true decline. Studies using detailed mobility data suggest that mobility was already decreasing in Tokyo, Kanagawa, Saitama, Chiba, Osaka, Hyogo, and Fukuoka prefectures before the first state of emergency on 7 April 2020 with the degree of reduction differing by age group [ 32 ], region, and type of establishment [ 33 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19 in Japan, January–March 2020: insights from the first three months of the epidemic

et al. 2022

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Background Understanding the characteristics and natural history of novel pathogens is crucial to inform successful control measures. Japan was one of the first affected countries in the COVID-19 pandemic reporting their first case on 14 January 2020. Interventions including airport screening, contact tracing, and cluster investigations were quickly implemented. Here we present insights from the first 3 months of the epidemic in Japan based on detailed case data. Methods We conducted descriptive analyses based on information systematically extracted from individual case reports from 13 January to 31 March 2020 including patient demographics, date of report and symptom onset, symptom progression, travel history, and contact type. We analysed symptom progression and estimated the time-varying reproduction number, Rt, correcting for epidemic growth using an established Bayesian framework. Key delays and the age-specific probability of transmission were estimated using data on exposures and transmission pairs. Results The corrected fitted mean onset-to-reporting delay after the peak was 4 days (standard deviation: ± 2 days). Early transmission was driven primarily by returning travellers with Rt peaking at 2.4 (95% CrI: 1.6, 3.3) nationally. In the final week of the trusted period (16–23 March 2020), Rt accounting for importations diverged from overall Rt at 1.1 (95% CrI: 1.0, 1.2) compared to 1.5 (95% CrI: 1.3, 1.6), respectively. Household (39.0%) and workplace (11.6%) exposures were the most frequently reported potential source of infection. The estimated probability of transmission was assortative by age with individuals more likely to infect, and be infected by, contacts in a similar age group to them. Across all age groups, cases most frequently onset with cough, fever, and fatigue. There were no reported cases of patients < 20 years old developing pneumonia or severe respiratory symptoms. Conclusions Information collected in the early phases of an outbreak are important in characterising any novel pathogen. The availability of timely and detailed data and appropriate analyses is critical to estimate and understand a pathogen’s transmissibility, high-risk settings for transmission, and key symptoms. These insights can help to inform urgent response strategies.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19 in Japan, January–March 2020: insights from the first three months of the epidemic

et al. 2022

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Therefore, the decreasing R t after the second peak in mid-February is likely a true decline. Studies using detailed mobility data suggest that mobility was already decreasing in Tokyo, Kanagawa, Saitama, Chiba, Osaka, Hyogo, and Fukuoka prefectures before the first state of emergency on 7 April with the degree of reduction differing by age group [27], region, and type of establishment [28].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19 in Japan: insights from the first three months of the epidemic

Imai

Gaythorpe

Bhatia

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Background Understanding the characteristics and natural history of novel pathogens is crucial to inform successful control measures. Japan was one of the first affected countries in the COVID-19 pandemic reporting their first case on 14 January 2020. Interventions including airport screening, contact tracing, and cluster investigations were quickly implemented. Here we present insights from the first 3 months of the epidemic in Japan based on detailed case data. Methods We conducted descriptive analyses based on information systematically extracted from individual case reports from 13 January to 31 March 2020 including patient demographics, date of report and symptom onset, symptom progression, travel history, and contact type. We analysed symptom progression and estimated the time-varying reproduction number, Rt, correcting for epidemic growth using an established Bayesian framework. Key delays and the age-specific probability of transmission were estimated using data on exposures and transmission pairs. Results The corrected fitted mean onset-to-reporting delay after the peak was 4 days (standard deviation: ±2 days). Early transmission was driven primarily by returning travellers with Rt peaking at 2.4 (95%CrI:1.6, 3.3) nationally. In the final week of the trusted period, Rt accounting for importations diverged from overall Rt at 1.1 (95% CrI: 1.0, 1.2) compared to 1.5 (95% CrI: 1.3, 1.6) respectively. Household (39.0%) and workplace (11.6%) exposures were the most frequently reported potential source of infection. The estimated probability of transmission was assortative by age. Across all age groups, cases most frequently onset with cough, fever, and fatigue. There were no reported cases of patients <20 years old developing pneumonia or severe respiratory symptoms. Conclusions Information collected in the early phases of an outbreak are important in characterising any novel pathogen. Timely recognition of key symptoms and high-risk settings for transmission can help to inform response strategies. The data analysed here were the result of robust and timely investigations and demonstrate the improvements to epidemic control as a result of such surveillance.

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“…Residents may have gradually become accustomed to the COVID-19 epidemic. In fact, reduced mobility in public spaces in Japan was reported to be smaller in subsequent waves than in the first wave[28].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Medium-term impacts of the waves of the COVID-19 epidemic on treatments for non-COVID-19 patients in intensive care units: a retrospective cohort study in Japan

Watanabe

Shin

Okuno

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Background: Maintaining critical care for non-Coronavirus-disease-2019 (non-COVID-19) patients is a key pillar of tackling the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to reveal the medium-term impacts of the COVID-19 epidemic on case volumes and quality of intensive care for critically ill non-COVID-19 patients. Methods: Administrative data were used to investigate the trends in case volumes of admissions to intensive care units (ICUs) compared with the previous years. Standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) of non-COVID-19 ICU patients were calculated in each wave of the COVID-19 epidemic in Japan. Results: The ratios of new ICU admissions of non-COVID-19 patients to those in the corresponding months before the epidemic: 21% in May 2020, 8% in August 2020, 9% in February 2021, and 14% in May 2021, approximately concurrent with the peaks in COVID-19 infections. The decrease was greatest for new ICU admissions of non-COVID patients receiving mechanical ventilation (MV) on the first day of ICU admission: 26%, 15%, 19%, and 19% in the first, second, third, and fourth waves, respectively. No statistically significant change in SMR was observed in any wave of the epidemic; SMRs were 0.990 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.962-1.019), 0.979 (95% CI, 0.953-1.006), 0.996 (95% CI, 0.980-1.013), and 0.989 (95% CI, 0.964-1.014), in the first, second, third, and fourth waves of the epidemic, respectively. Conclusions: Compared to the previous years, the number of non-COVID-19 ICU patients continuously decreased over the medium term during the COVID-19 epidemic. The decrease in case volumes was larger in non-COVID-19 ICU patients initially receiving MV than those undergoing other initial treatments. The standardized in-hospital mortality of non-COVID-19 ICU patients did not change in any waves of the epidemic.

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Mobility Patterns in Different Age Groups in Japan during the COVID-19 Pandemic: a Small Area Time Series Analysis through March 2021

Cited by 19 publications

References 25 publications

COVID-19 in Japan, January–March 2020: insights from the first three months of the epidemic

COVID-19 in Japan, January–March 2020: insights from the first three months of the epidemic

COVID-19 in Japan: insights from the first three months of the epidemic

Medium-term impacts of the waves of the COVID-19 epidemic on treatments for non-COVID-19 patients in intensive care units: a retrospective cohort study in Japan

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