Modality effects and storage in sequential short-term memory.

Fisher, Dennis F.; Karsh, Robert

doi:10.1037/h0030547

Cited by 4 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…One possibility (Margrain, 1967;Murdock & Walker, 1969) is that there are separate auditory and visual short-term stores and that these modality effects tell us something about the characteristics of these stores. Evidence consonant with this point of view has been reported recently by Fisher & Karsh (1971), Kroll, Parks, Park inson , Bieber, & Johnson (1970), and Parkinson, Parks, & Kroll (1971).…”

supporting

confidence: 55%

Four-channel effects in short-term memory

Murdock

1971

Psychon Sci

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A four-channel task was studied in two experiments. FolJowing simultaneous presentation of four words, two auditory and two visuaI, Ss tried to re port the four words and then were probed for the attribute (male or female voice, capital or small type) of one of them_ In general, Ss can identify all four words under simultaneous presentation conditions and, usually, identify the attribute as welJ. Order of report was organized by mode of presentation, even when high associates (e.g., CAT-DOG) were split across mode. These data provide support for the hypothesis of separate short-term auditory and visual stores; they also suggest that these stores are prelinguistic and have persistence of the order of several seconds.

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supporting

confidence: 55%

Four-channel effects in short-term memory

Murdock

1971

Psychon Sci

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“…Two other possible reasons for why subjects did not construct a visual image equivalent to that elicited by simultaneous presentation are that constructing an image might be too effortful or that the task of perceiving each new item might interfere with a visual image of the previous items. Providing some evidence for the latter possibility is Fisher and Karsh's (1971) finding that an auditory presentation was better than a visual sequential presentation in performing a task involving spatial processing of the stimuli.…”

Section: Sequential Presentation With Articulatory Suppressionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Testing visual short-term memory: Simultaneous versus sequential presentations

Frick

1985

Mem Cogn

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Two experiments testing immediate ordered recall are presented; in these experiments, subjects engaged in repetitive speech ("articulatory suppression") during a visual presentation in order to prevent auditory recoding of the stimuli. In both experiments, a simultaneous presentation produced results that suggested the use of visual short-term memory, whereas a sequential presentation did not. In Experiment 1, visual confusion errors occurred more often than would be expected by chance for a simultaneous presentation but not for a sequential presentation. In Experiment 2, recall from visual short-term memory was expected to suffer more when subjects wrote a prefix than when they spoke a prefix; this effect occurred for a simultaneous presentation but not for a sequential presentation. These results suggest that existence of a visual shortterm store that retains a simultaneous presentation but not a sequential presentation.

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“…Individual running tallies are then kept in each window and only the tallies are rehearsed after the presentation of each successive symbol. Although the original version of the model fits a wide range of data including modality of input (Fisher & Karsh, 1971;Monty & Karsh, 1969), Paivio (1971a) has suggested recently that conceptualizing the spatial encoding (window) model of keeping-track performance in terms of mediating imagery theory might mutually benefit our theoretical understanding of both the keeping-track phenomenon and the mediating function of mental images.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Imagery and interference in sequential short-term memory.

Monty¹,

Karsh²,

Taub³

1973

Canadian Journal of Psychology / Revue canadienne de psychologi

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An experiment was conducted to compare the disruptive effects of irrelevant information (names of colours) superimposed on relevant information (bands of colours) with the effects of irrelevant information occupying the interval between stimuli. It was found that irrelevant information disrupted performance only when it occupied the interval between stimuli, suggesting that interference was primarily with the rehearsal process and not with the perceptual process. It made no difference whether die names of colours were the same as or different from the bands of colours. Further, control conditions suggested that colours can be kept-track of better than colour names. The results are discussed in terms of visual imagery and the spatial window model of keeping-track performance. PREVIOUS STUDIES OF THE EFFECTS of irrelevant materials upon keeping-track performance have utilized a paradigm whereby the relevant stimuli were presented sequentially at an irregular rate (Karsh & Monty, 1972; Monty, Karsh, & Taub, 1967a, 19676). The irrelevant stimuli were either interspersed with a string of relevant stimuli in a manner that made the overall presentation rate regular, or they preceded each relevant symbol in a manner that enabled them to serve as a cue to alert S to the onset of the next relevant stimulus. These studies were consistent in indicating (1) that irrelevant stimuli (a green square or the letters U, V, & W) which were distinctly different from the letters that had to be recalled (Q, R, & S ) could be used to pace rehearsal and thus improve performance ( Monty, Karsh, & Taub, 1967a; 19676), and (2) that materials that were similar to the relevant materials interfere with the processing of the relevant information and thus degrade performance (Karsh & Monty, 1972). While these studies were also consistent in suggesting that the major effects of the irrelevant materials appear to be in the rehearsal and not in the encoding stage of processing, the generality of their findings as well as their•Requests for reprints should be sent to

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Modality effects and storage in sequential short-term memory.

Cited by 4 publications

References 10 publications

Four-channel effects in short-term memory

Four-channel effects in short-term memory

Testing visual short-term memory: Simultaneous versus sequential presentations

Imagery and interference in sequential short-term memory.

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