Mode-locking of lasers

Smith, P. W.; Duguay, M. A.; Ippen, Erich P.

doi:10.1016/0079-6727(74)90002-0

Cited by 59 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 327 publications

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“…The temporal shape and duration are measured with streak cameras. These techniques were reviewed in [1][2][3]. Since the publication of these reviews further techniques have been developed for the measurement of pulse durations [4][5][6][7], pulse shapes [8] and background energy contents [9,10].…”

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confidence: 99%

Temporal analysis of a mode-locked Nd-glass laser by four-wave mixing

Leupacher

Penzkofer

1982

Appl. Phys. B

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Abstract. The duration, shape, and background intensity level of pulses of a passively modelocked Nd-glass laser are determined by noncollinear phase-matched four-photon frequency mixing of time-separated fundamental and second-harmonic pulses in a KI crystal. The pulse shape is found to be slightly asymmetric with slower trailing than rising parts. The background intensity level before and behind the main pulse is about 5 x 10" 6 the peak pulse intensity. 42.55, 42.65, 42.80 The application of mode-locked lasers in time-resolved spectroscopic studies requires an accurate analysis of the temporal behaviour of these lasers. Various techniques have been invented to determine the duration, shape, and background energy level of picosecond lasers. Frequently used methods for the measurement of pulse durations are the two-photon fluorescence, the second harmonic, and the Duguay shutter correlation techniques. The temporal shape and duration are measured with streak cameras. These techniques were reviewed in [1][2][3]. Since the publication of these reviews further techniques have been developed for the measurement of pulse durations [4][5][6][7], pulse shapes [8] and background energy contents [9,10]. The shotto-shot pulse fluctuations were analysed in [11]. In this paper we analyse the temporal behaviour of a mode-locked Nd-glass laser by noncollinear phasematched, nonresonant four-photon frequency mixing of its fundamental and second-harmonic pulses. This technique was first applied by Auston [12]. Here the analysis is refined by application of four-photon frequency mixing theory to the determination of pulse duration, shape, and background intensity content. After calibration of the system the duration of picosecond pulses may be measured in single shots. PACS: MethodThe fundamental (frequency v L ) and second-harmonic (frequency v P ) wave of a mode-locked Nd-glass laser interact in a nonlinear optical medium by four-photon frequency mixing v P -bv p -v L -»v s . The energy conservation requires v s = 2v p -v L . The angle cp between the interacting laser beams is adjusted to the phasematching condition k p +k p -k L = k s , The pump pulses are time separated by an optical delay line and the energy conversion y\ = WJ W h of laser light at frequency v L to frequency v s is measured versus delay time t D (t u = 0 at optimum temporal overlap of pump pulses in sample, t D >0 when pulse at v L behind pulse at v p ). The schematic arrangement of the interacting light beams is depicted in Fig. 1.

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confidence: 99%

Temporal analysis of a mode-locked Nd-glass laser by four-wave mixing

Leupacher

Penzkofer

1982

Appl. Phys. B

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“…A laser, as a device locking electromagnetic waves, possesses a discrete set of longitudinal modes, i.e., set of standing waves, which interacts irregularly due to random mutual phases. Locking of a mutual phase between modes, namely mode-locking, results in the generation of a high-intensive ultra-short laser pulse circulating with the repetition rate multiple of the period of laser resonator (e.g., see [44,45]). In the time domain, the ultra-short pulse formation can be described in the frameworks of the so-called fluctuation model [46,47], which treats a pulse 1 emerging as a process of amplification and selection of noise fluctuations (see Figure 11).…”

Section: Stochastic Resonance and Anti-resonance In Mode-locked Lasersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chaotic, Stochastic Resonance, and Anti-Resonance Phenomena in Optics

Калашников¹

2017

Resonance

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Existence of different, frequently incommensurate scales is a common phenomenon in nature. Interactions between processes characterized by different scales can result in a multitude of emergent phenomena when a system cannot be described as a scaleseparated hierarchy of underlying processes but presents a substantially new entity with qualitatively new properties and behavior. Striking examples are life, fractals, and chaos. Here, we shall demonstrate the quite nontrivial phenomena: chaotic and stochastic resonances and anti-resonance on examples of laser systems. The phenomena of resonant stochastization (stochastic anti-resonance), self-ordering (stochastic resonance), and resonant chaotization of coherent structures (dissipative solitons) are considered on the examples of mode-locked lasers and Raman fiber amplifiers. Despite a well-known effect of noise suppression and global regularization of dynamics due to the resonant interaction of noise and regular external periodic perturbation, here we report about the reverse situation when the regular and noise-like perturbations result in the emergent phenomena ranging from the coherent structure formation to the fine-grained chaotic/ noisy dynamics. We guess that the nonlinear optical systems can be considered in this context as an ideal test-bed for "metaphorical modeling" in the area of deterministic and stochastic dynamics of resonance systems.

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“…First, this is the the first kind of 3D mode-locked pulse ever conceived of, and for a long time was the only kind of 3D mode-locked pulse ever conceived of. Auston [77] and Smith [78,79] considered mode-locking involving multiple transverse and longitudinal modes.…”

Section: Multi-periodic Evolutions and Morementioning

confidence: 99%

Spatiotemporal nonlinear optics in multimode fibers

2015

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Multimode nonlinear fiber optics is a microcosm, a hyperspace of possibilities embedded within a niche of a niche of science. It is full of phenomena that transcend dimensionality (these provocative statements will be clarified). It could inform new generations of compact, cost-efficient scientific tools, or major upgrades to optical fiber telecommunications. These advances in foundational, infrastructural technologies would have major impact on the human world, from science and knowledge through to the economic engine of the internet. In this thesis, I examine the work of my PhD that has explored nonlinear pulse propagation in multimode fibers. Both as a microcosm of science, a mostly-mundane story of half-reasoned exploration, and as a rich and complex world of observed phenomena and inspired applications, here I attempt to retrospectively describe the work and science in as coherent a summary form as can be managed at this point. We examine first multimode solitons in anomalous dispersion fibers. These are stable configurations of light in nonlinear multimode fiber and, in some sense, the conceptual building blocks or framework through which we can understand much more complex dynamics of multimode supercontinuum generation. We then examine the complex mode coupling in nonlinear, disordered multimode fibers, and attempt to integrate the multitude of effects into a cohesive framework of modal energy flow. Finally, we explore multimode fiber lasers and spatiotemporal mode-locking, the most general form of coherent light self-organization in an optical oscillator. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH

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Mode-locking of lasers

Cited by 59 publications

References 327 publications

Temporal analysis of a mode-locked Nd-glass laser by four-wave mixing

Temporal analysis of a mode-locked Nd-glass laser by four-wave mixing

Chaotic, Stochastic Resonance, and Anti-Resonance Phenomena in Optics

Spatiotemporal nonlinear optics in multimode fibers

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