Mode testing, critical bandwidth and excess mass

Ameijeiras–Alonso, Jose; Crujeiras, Rosa M.; Rodríguez-Casal, Alberto

doi:10.1007/s11749-018-0611-5

Cited by 97 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…During exploratory analysis, we noted possible multi-modality in the density distributions of bird and bat fall distances. To verify this observation, we performed non-parametric tests using the ACR method [58], as implemented by the multimode package [59] in R. We included all bird and bat records with fall distance information and values of 100 m or less. Our null hypothesis in these tests was unimodality, with α = 0.05.…”

Section: Plos Onementioning

confidence: 99%

An evaluation of bird and bat mortality at wind turbines in the Northeastern United States

2020

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Wind energy offers substantial environmental benefits, but wind facilities can negatively impact wildlife, including birds and bats. Researchers and managers have made major efforts to chronicle bird and bat mortality associated with wind facilities, but few studies have examined the patterns and underlying mechanisms of spatial patterns of fatalities at wind facilities. Understanding the horizontal fall distance between a carcass and the nearest turbine pole is important in designing effective search protocols and estimating total mortality. We explored patterns in taxonomic composition and fall distance of bird and bat carcasses at wind facilities in the Northeastern United States using publicly available data and data submitted to the US Fish and Wildlife Service under scientific collecting and special purpose utility permits for collection and study of migratory birds. Forty-four wind facilities reported 2,039 bird fatalities spanning 128 species and 22 facilities reported 418 bat fatalities spanning five species. Relative to long-distance migratory birds, short-distance migrants were found farther from turbines. Body mass of birds and bats positively influenced fall distance. Turbine size positively influenced fall distance of birds and bats when analyzed collectively and of birds when analyzed separately from bats. This suggests that as turbines increase in size, a greater search radius will be necessary to detect carcasses. Bird and bat fall distance distributions were notably multimodal, but only birds exhibited a high peak near turbine bases, a novel finding we attribute to collisions with turbine poles in addition to blades. This phenomenon varied across bird species, with potential implications for the accuracy of mortality estimates. Although pole collisions for birds is intuitive, this phenomenon has not been formally recognized. This finding may warrant an updated view of turbines as a collision threat to birds because they are a tall structure, and not strictly as a function of their motion.

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Section: Plos Onementioning

confidence: 99%

An evaluation of bird and bat mortality at wind turbines in the Northeastern United States

2020

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“…We excluded variables with loadings below 0.30 [20]. Factor scores were investigated to determine whether they met the normality assumption and had a unimodal distribution [21]. Based on these analyses, the results of the factor scores are presented as median with interquartile ranges.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Defining Adequate Contact For Transmission Of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis In An African Urban Environment

Castellanos¹,

Zalwango

Kakaire³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background. The risk of infection from respiratory pathogens increases according to the contact rate between the infectious case and susceptible contact, but the definition of adequate contact for transmission is not standard. In this study we aimed to identify factors that can explain the level of contact between tuberculosis cases and their social networks in an African urban environment. Methods. This was a cross-sectional study conducted in Kampala, Uganda from 2012-2016. We carried out an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) in social network data from tuberculosis cases and their contacts. We evaluated the factorability of the data to EFA using the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy (KMO). We used principal axis factoring with oblique rotation to extract and rotate the factors, then we calculated factor scores for each using the weighted sum scores method. We assessed construct validity of the factors by associating the factors with other variables related to social mixing. Results. Tuberculosis cases (N = 120) listed their encounters with 1,154 members of their social networks. Thirteen variables displayed high inter-correlation (KMO=0.72) and were included for EFA. Two factors were identified, which captured 82% of the variance. The first factor, named ‘Setting’, involves the type, frequency, duration and ventilation of the usual place of meeting as well the physical proximity among tuberculosis cases and contacts, represented by the sleeping and eating patterns. The second factor, named ‘Relationship’, was explained by the relationship, its duration, and the level of intimacy among cases and contacts, represented by the strength of knowledge of each other, provision of healthcare, and whether they were travel partners. Setting and Relationship scores varied according to the age, gender and nature of the relationship among tuberculosis cases and their contacts. Conclusions. In this large cross-sectional study from an urban African setting, we identified two factors that can assess adequate contact between tuberculosis cases and their social network members. These findings also confirm the complexity and heterogeneity of social mixing.

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“…Hence, Silverman () proposed to use as test statistic for

H_{0}

the smallest bandwidth such that the normal kernel density estimator has

n_{0}

modes and introduced a bootstrap procedure to calibrate the test. Different proposals were suggested by other authors, and a recent literature review about this problem can be found in Ameijeiras‐Alonso et al (). The same authors also developed the R package multimode (Ameijeiras‐Alonso et al , ), in which most of the existing procedures were implemented for their practical use.…”

Section: Many Modesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Modal Age of Statistics

Chacón

2020

Int Statistical Rev

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Summary Recently, a number of statistical problems have found an unexpected solution by inspecting them through a ‘modal point of view'. These include classical tasks such as clustering or regression. This has led to a renewed interest in estimation and inference for the mode. This paper offers an extensive survey of the traditional approaches to mode estimation and explores the consequences of applying this modern modal methodology to other, seemingly unrelated, fields.

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Mode testing, critical bandwidth and excess mass

Cited by 97 publications

References 22 publications

An evaluation of bird and bat mortality at wind turbines in the Northeastern United States

An evaluation of bird and bat mortality at wind turbines in the Northeastern United States

Defining Adequate Contact For Transmission Of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis In An African Urban Environment

The Modal Age of Statistics

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