Summary
In out-of-sequence (OOS) pinpoint fracturing, Stage 1 is fractured, followed by Stage 3, after which Stage 2 (center fracture) is placed between Stages 1 and 3 (outside fractures). The center fracture can exploit the reduced stress anisotropy to activate planes of weakness (e.g., fissures) and create branch fractures that can connect hydraulic fractures to stress-relief fractures, ultimately enhancing fracture connectivity and complexity. It has been trialed in western Siberia (2014) and western Canada (2017 to 2019) with overall operational and production performance success.
Previous fracture-modeling works calibrated by OOS fracturing trials have either used shear-decoupledplanar-fracture models (in which slippage along the shear planes restricts the displacement to a limited area because of displacement damping)—which are unable to reproduce out-of-plane fracture complexity, and to dynamically track the change in stress anisotropy and orientation—or discrete-fracture-network (DFN) models, which often exaggerate the fracture-network connectivity, and reproduce unrealistically high fracture-network-extension pressures in the stimulated reservoir volume (SRV). This work attempts to resolve the issues in planar-fracture and DFN models by more realistically addressing the dominant mechanisms of OOS fracturing, dynamic changes in the stress anisotropy and orientation, activation of pre-existing planes of weaknesses, and poroelasticity using an iteratively coupled flow–geomechanical model that uses the dual-lattice implementation of the synthetic-rock-mass (SRM) model with a robust, fully coupled, iterative flow/stress solution to capture the following:
Nonlinear deformations caused by induced tensile- and shear-fracture-complexity propagation Induced stress shadowing in and around the SRV Sliding of opened, pre-existing joints, fractures, and fissures using the smooth-joint model (SJM) Propagation of the hydraulic fracture as an aggregate of intact matrix fracturing and opening and slip of pre-existingfluid-filled planes of weakness (e.g., joints, fractures, fissures) Permeability enhancement in the main tensile and complex fractures following the updated deformation aperture from the coupled solution
The results (fracture geometries and treatment pressures) of the three models (planar-fracture, DFN, and SRM with lattice models) are compared after using each model for treatment-pressure history matching of an OOS-fracturing trial. The calibrated, coupled SRM with lattice model more reasonably reproduces the measured fracture-extension pressures and end-of-job pressures from OOS pinpoint fracturing treatments, and it reveals the following:
The dynamic change in the stress-field orientation and magnitude during OOS fracturing leads to a reduction in stress anisotropy and complex out-of-plane fracturing in the SRV for center fractures. Center fractures tend to be narrower and shorter if sufficient out-of-zone growth is attained in the absence of strong vertical containment, making OOS fracturing an option for penetrating multistacked zones in one treatment. Where center fractures are shorter or near-well fracture complexity is generated, OOS fracturing can be considered in treating the child wells to reduce fracture hits.
Compared with planar-fracture and DFN models, this coupling technique achieves the following:
Accounts for dominant mechanisms of complex shear and tensile fracturing Renders fast computation in simulating large 3D models with dual-lattice implementation of SRM with SJM Reproduces fracture surface area and SRV permeability more realistically Leads to a more reasonable history match of the measured OOS-fracturingpressures
