Model for Estimating Domestic Outdoor Water Demand of Properties in Residential Estates

Plessis, Jacques L du; Jacobs, Heinz Erasmus

doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2014.11.213

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Parameters that have the most significant impact on outdoor water use in GCs include: (i) garden footprint area, (ii) evapotranspiration, (iii) precipitation, (iv) vegetation type, (v) evaporation, and (vi) pool maintenance behaviour (Du Plessis and Jacobs 2014). Although other outdoor water use such as hand washing, outdoor showers, patio/driveway cleaning and car washing contribute, the watering of gardens and pool water use are the most significant factors in conventional urban outdoor water use .…”

Section: Rationalementioning

confidence: 99%

“…), climatic variables such as rainfall and evaporation (Mashhadi Ali et al, 2017), irrigation efficiency, and also the ratio of under-and over-irrigation (Czeslaw et al, 2016). Garden footprint area has been noted to be one of the most significant independent variables for outdoor water use (Jacobs and Haarhoff, 2007;Du Plessis and Jacobs, 2014) and is prescribed in architectural guidelines, typically developed specifically for the GC in the early development stage. Restrictions in terms of gardening, particularly the vegetation genotypes and garden footprint area, may be a requirement for development approval of a GC in terms of environmental affairs.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Garden footprint area and water use of gated communities in South Africa

Plessis

Knox

Jacobs

2020

WSA

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Gated community homes in South Africa are popular amongst property buyers in urban environments such as cities and metropoles due to the increased security and lifestyle improvements offered. Garden design and layout requirements are prescribed in architectural guidelines compiled by the homeowners associations of these communities. Garden footprint area in gated community homes is of importance to researchers and planners, because of the influence on water use. This study used a quantitative approach to evaluate the spatial data of garden footprint area as a percentage of total plot area for 1 813 gated community homes in different regions of South Africa. The research reviewed how garden footprint area is prescribed and how it is applied in gated community homes. The impact of garden footprint area on water use was also analysed. The results were compared to relevant information lifted from specific architectural design guidelines developed for each gated community. Data from 11 gated communities were analysed and the average garden footprint area was found to be 36% of the total plot area. Gated community homes with a garden area smaller than 100 m2 were found to have limited influence on monthly water consumption, while the water use of gated community homes with a larger garden footprint area increased proportionally with garden footprint area. The seasonal fluctuation of water use is illustrative of garden irrigation and other outdoor water use. The results provided useful input for incorporation in outdoor water use modelling of gated community homes.

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Section: Rationalementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Garden footprint area and water use of gated communities in South Africa

Plessis

Knox

Jacobs

2020

WSA

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“…Flow regulated by a hydropower reservoir will likely depend on the seasonal demand for electricity and the flow regime required to maintain the storage or release water to generate power when needed (Kern et al, 2012;Ashraf et al, 2018). Industrial demands have patterns determined by economic factors (Flörke et al, 2013) and the degree of seasonal patterns in drinking water requirements and municipal demands can depend on the degree of outdoor water use (du Plessis and Jacobs, 2014). It is possible that the seasonal cycle of a catchment is enhanced due to the human-induced water shortages that can mirror the seasonality of precipitation and potential evaporation patterns (Apruv et al, 2017), causing more synchronicity in drought termination start and end months (i.e.…”

Section: Timing Of Terminationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anthropogenic activities alter drought termination

Margariti¹,

Rangecroft²,

Parry³

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Despite the increasing influence of human activities on water resources in our current Anthropocene era, the impacts of these activities on the duration, rate and timing of the recovery of drought events, known as the drought termination phase, remain unknown. Here, we present the first assessment of how different human activities (i.e. water abstractions, reservoirs, water transfers) affect drought termination. Six case studies in Europe were used to analyse the human influence on streamflow drought termination characteristics. For all case studies, we compared a human-influenced time-series of streamflow (observation data) and a naturalised time-series (modelled data) for the same period. Overall, results clearly demonstrate the influence of human activities on drought terminations in all the studied catchments. Groundwater abstractions, reservoirs and mixed influences were all found to increase the average duration of drought termination, whereas water transfers into the catchment decreased drought termination duration. Results also show that average drought termination rates increased in all case studies due to the human influence. Furthermore, start and end months of the termination phase were more skewed to certain months in human-influenced data than in the naturalised situation. Future research could extend this new knowledge by looking to add further case studies and covering different human activities to gain a wider understanding on how human actions modify hydrological droughts and their recovery. Furthering this work could also help to improve the forecasting of drought recovery in the Anthropocene, which is important for informing drought management decisions.

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“…Then, the inequality constraints (23) and (26) can be written can be written in the standard form using matrix A and vector b as:…”

Section: Algorithmmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The outdoor water demand, mainly garden irrigation for those households with urban gardens [22], is estimated to contribute 40-60% of the total household water demand [23]. Therefore, by increasing the efficiency of gardening water use, the consumption can be reduced by 6% to 30% of the total gardening water use 1 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy-water optimization model incorporating rooftop water harvesting for lawn irrigation

Wanjiru

Xia

2015

Applied Energy

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The management of energy and water is increasingly gaining attention among domestic end-users. In developing countries, potable water supply is unreliable leading to alternative strategies such as rooftop water harvesting (RWH), storage and pumping. Since urban garden irrigation is the highest outdoor water consumer, optimal scheduling is important to conserve energy and water over conventional lawn irrigation methods. A model to optimally control the lawn irrigation was developed with the simulation results showing 17.4% potential water savings when using water directly from municipal sources. With RWH of a 1-hr event with 1-mm rainfall from a 120-m 2 roof, the model can potentially save 23.4% of water and 73.8% in energy costs per day. Such savings are important in reducing the demand for existing water and energy sources as well as greenhouse emissions. Further, this paper looks into two strategies to maximize the pump's life through minimizing the maintenance cost.Keywords: buildings, energy, optimal scheduling, rooftop water harvesting, time-of-use tariff, water

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Model for Estimating Domestic Outdoor Water Demand of Properties in Residential Estates

Cited by 8 publications

References 2 publications

Garden footprint area and water use of gated communities in South Africa

Garden footprint area and water use of gated communities in South Africa

Anthropogenic activities alter drought termination

Energy-water optimization model incorporating rooftop water harvesting for lawn irrigation

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