Model Identification and Wall-Plug Efficiency Measurement of White LED Modules

Ultraviolet light-emitting diode (UV-LED) is a newly emerging UV light source with a potential of replacing the conventional chemical methods, mercury UV lamps and xenon lamps in water disinfection applications. In this chapter, we will first give a general description on the status of E. coli disinfection in water by UV-LEDs. Then the main text will concentrate on our experimental studies. We will discuss the effects of single and combined UV-LED irradiation on E. coli in water, including the inactivation efficiency, the recover percentage after the UV-LED irradiation, the optimal wavelength for low energy consumption, differences in pulsed and continuous operations of UV-LEDs, effect of UVA-LED followed by UVC-LED irradiation and vice versa, and finally the effect of TiO 2-assisted photocatalytic disinfection.

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“…C is the wall plug efficiency calculated using Eq. (14) [47] and WF is the water factor calculated using Eq. (12) [46].…”

Section: Electrical Energy Determinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of UV-LED Irradiation on E. coli in Water Disinfection

Nyangaresi¹,

Zhang²,

Shen³

2020

E. Coli Infections - Importance of Early Diagnosis and Efficient Treatment

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“…During the four years of the first mission, the ship scanned 150,000 stars, searching for the small falls in light caused by planets that pass in front of them. In 2014, Kepler switched to the second mission called K2, where he still hunts planets but also makes a variety of observations (Wang and Yagi, 2016;Obaiys et al, 2016;Ahmed et al, 2016;Jauhari et al, 2016;Syahrullah and Sinaga, 2016;Shanmugam, 2016;Jaber and Bicker, 2016;Moubarek and Gharsallah, 2016;Amani, 2016;Shruti, 2016;Pérez-de León et al, 2016;Mohseni and Tsavdaridis, 2016;Abu-Lebdeh et al, 2016;Serebrennikov et al, 2016;Budak et al, 2016;Augustine et al, 2016;Jarahi and Seifilaleh, 2016;Nabilou, 2016;You et al, 2016;Zurfi and Zhang, 2016;Rama et al, 2016;Sallami et al, 2016;Huang et al, 2016;Ali et al, 2016;Kamble and Kumar, 2016;Saikia and Karak, 2016;Zeferino et al, 2016;Pravettoni et al, 2016;Bedon and Amadio, 2016;Chen and Xu, 2016;Mavukkandy et al, 2016;Yeargin et al, 2016;Madani and Dababneh, 2016;Alhasanat et al, 2016;Elliott et al, 2016;Suarez et al, 2016;Kuli et al, 2016;…”

Section: The Incredible Quantitymentioning

confidence: 99%

The TESS Satellite will Search for Planets in the Vicinity of our Solar System

Petrescu¹

2019

Journal of Aircraft and Spacecraft Technology

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The US Space Agency has launched from Cape Canaveral, Florida, the TESS satellite, which will search for planets near our solar system and study them in detail. "TESS will significantly increase the number of planets studied," said George Ricker of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MIT, before launching. "It will double the number of planets we've seen and detected with the Kepler telescope," he added. The Kepler Space Observatory has discovered 2,650, about 70% of the total worlds outside the solar system that is known to mankind. TESS was launched with a Falcon 9 rocket, which returned to Earth after sending the satellite to the Earth's orbit. The telescope used by NASA to "hunt" the planets led to the discovery of two heavenly bodies that seem to be ideal places for life. The two planets have the ideal dimensions and are at the right distance from their star. William Borucki, the Kepler telescope scientist, has announced that these two planets are the best candidates identified so far in the race to discover planets that host life. The findings were published in the journal Science. Experts announce that these two planets are an important milestone in the race for identifying extraterrestrial life. In the past, when astronomers identified exoplanets (planets outside our solar system) they did not meet all the criteria necessary to accommodate life forms. Many planets are not in the habitable area-at a distance from their star so they are not too hot or too cold, but ideal for the existence of liquid water. Until now, all the planets identified inhabitable areas were too large. Most likely, these planets were huge gas balls, like Neptune, not suitable for life. Instead, the Earth-sized planets discovered so far have been at a distance unsuitable for their stars. The two planets now identified by the researchers, Kepler-62-e and Kepler-62-f, meets all the necessary conditions for hosting life. The two planets are twin-they orbit the same star and are next to each other, less than Earth and Mars. Planets are a bit wider than Terra, but they are not too big. Kepler-62-e is a warm Hawaiian planet and Kepler-62-f is cool like Alaska, Borucki explained. Researcher David Charbonneau of Harvard University, co-author of this study, says, "It's the first planet I really think of," he said, "but Kepler-62-f may be able to host life forms." The researcher added that "we have overcome an important barrier. So, why not have life forms?" The planets are 1,200 light-years away from Terra. The star that it orbits dates back 7 billion years ago, being 2.5 billion years older than our Sun.

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“…Assisted operation brings infinitely more advantages than the disadvantage that the operator block is voluminous and costly. However, apart from the related space, the costs are amortized over time and the satisfaction of the successful operations is great for both the patients and the medical team (Rulkov et al, 2016;Agarwala, 2016;Babayemi, 2016;Gusti and Semin, 2016;Mohamed et al, 2016;Wessels and Raad, 2016;Maraveas et al, 2015;Khalil, 2015;Rhode-Barbarigos et al, 2015;Takeuchi et al, 2015;Li et al, 2015;Vernardos and Gantes, 2015;Bourahla and Blakeborough, 2015;Stavridou et al, 2015;Ong et al, 2015;Dixit and Pal, 2015;Rajput et al, 2016;Rea and Ottaviano, 2016;Zurfi and Zhang, 2016a;2016b;Zheng and Li, 2016;Buonomano et al, 2016a;2016b;Faizal et al, 2016;Ascione et al, 2016;Elmeddahi et al, 2016;Calise et al, 2016;Morse et al, 2016;Abouobaida, 2016;Rohit and Dixit, 2016;Kazakov et al, 2016;Alwetaishi, 2016;Riccio et al, 2016a;2016b;Iqbal, 2016;Hasan and El-Naas, 2016;Al-Hasan and Al-Ghamdi, 2016;Jiang et al, 2016;Sepúlveda, 2016;…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Medical Service of Robots

Petrescu¹

2019

Journal of Mechatronics and Robotics

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Today, robots have not only penetrated to create microchips in electronics but also in medicine, where it helps to perform difficult operations, especially where precision is needed and the size is small and any human error could be fatal to the patient. Robots assist the doctor in heart, brain, kidney operations, not to mention bone implants and repair of damaged bones, cartilage and muscles. In this area, new materials adapted to the requirements of the human body also play an important role. The robotic systems used in today's operating blocks are very expensive and bulky and they need to be permanently adapted and prepared before a difficult operation, but in the end their help is unsurpassed because the operation takes place with the help of the machine and the computer, so they can perform a giant precision of hundredth of a millimeter, precision that stops the scalpel from cutting accidentally such as a nerve, a blood vessel, healthy tissue and anything else. Assisted operation brings infinitely more advantages than the disadvantage that the operator block is voluminous and costly. However, apart from the related space, the costs are amortized over time and the satisfaction of the successful operations is great for both the patients and the medical team. Surgery has taken advantage of this technology relatively late. Initial use of robots in surgery began in the late 1980s when an industrial robot was used to support instruments for stereotactic biopsy in neurosurgery. Also in the late 1980s, IBM built the first robot used in clinical practice, called Robo-doc. The first use of a robot in human surgery was for a transurethral prostate resection. In 1993, Computer Motion, Inc. introduced a voice-controlled arm, Automated Endoscopic System for Optimal Positioning (AESOPTM), used to support instruments, of optics in laparoscopic surgery. Its version, AESOPTM 2000 is the first human-controlled robot approved by the Food and Drug Administration of the United States. In 1998, Reichenspurner introduced the ZEUS Microsurgical Robotic System into Germany. Today, the most complex and efficient robot in use is the daVinci system. With the birth of laparoscopy and information technology, surgery went into a new era. The development of surgical robots is primarily motivated by their desire the need to increase the effectiveness of surgical medical interventions. Medical actions are chosen based on information from various sources, including patient-specific data (vital signs and images of human body tissues and organs), general medical knowledge (atlases of human anatomy) and medical experiences. First, a robot can usually do things much more accurate than a man. This provides the first motivation for using CAD/CAM systems. Robots can be used successfully if the patient has been radiated (e.g., with Xradiation), thus not endangering the health of the medical team. Since ancient times, the imagination of mankind has been concerned with the idea of making cars equipped with artificial intelligence to execute operations s...

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Model Identification and Wall-Plug Efficiency Measurement of White LED Modules

Cited by 9 publications

References 13 publications

Effects of UV-LED Irradiation on E. coli in Water Disinfection

Effects of UV-LED Irradiation on E. coli in Water Disinfection

The TESS Satellite will Search for Planets in the Vicinity of our Solar System

Medical Service of Robots

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