Model-Observer Similarity, Error Modeling and Social Learning in Rhesus Macaques

Abstract

Monkeys readily learn to discriminate between rewarded and unrewarded items or actions by observing their conspecifics. However, they do not systematically learn from humans. Understanding what makes human-to-monkey transmission of knowledge work or fail could help identify mediators and moderators of social learning that operate regardless of language or culture, and transcend inter-species differences. Do monkeys fail to learn when human models show a behavior too dissimilar from the animals’ own, or when they show a faultless performance devoid of error? To address this question, six rhesus macaques trained to find which object within a pair concealed a food reward were successively tested with three models: a familiar conspecific, a ‘stimulus-enhancing’ human actively drawing the animal’s attention to one object of the pair without actually performing the task, and a ‘monkey-like’ human performing the task in the same way as the monkey model did. Reward was manipulated to ensure that all models showed equal proportions of errors and successes. The ‘monkey-like’ human model improved the animals’ subsequent object discrimination learning as much as a conspecific did, whereas the ‘stimulus-enhancing’ human model tended on the contrary to retard learning. Modeling errors rather than successes optimized learning from the monkey and ‘monkey-like’ models, while exacerbating the adverse effect of the ‘stimulus-enhancing’ model. These findings identify error modeling as a moderator of social learning in monkeys that amplifies the models’ influence, whether beneficial or detrimental. By contrast, model-observer similarity in behavior emerged as a mediator of social learning, that is, a prerequisite for a model to work in the first place. The latter finding suggests that, as preverbal infants, macaques need to perceive the model as ‘like-me’ and that, once this condition is fulfilled, any agent can become an effective model.

Macaque monkeys learn by observation in the ghost display condition in the object-in-place task with differential reward to the observer

“…Previous studies reported similar learning abilities in the interaction with humans 9,20,26 . Monfardini et al .…”

“…The object-in-place paradigm 30,31 has been used recently in primates to study rapid learning about the relative value of unfamiliar stimuli 32 . Alongside this, several studies demonstrated that rhesus macaques can monitor the action of another partner 5,21 and learn from the observation of a conspecific 6,33 or a human 9,20 . To compare social and non-social observational learning (i.e.…”

Specialization in the vicarious learning of novel arbitrary sequences in humans but not orangutans

“…In addition to testing other great apes, it would be useful to expose participants to incorrect as well as correct responses. Errors, executed by conspecifics, have been associated with more robust social learning in both children (19,20,46) and monkeys (47,48). This would reveal whether the pattern of results reported here would change if apes and children were provided with models that showed both correct and incorrect responses.…”

Experiences of home‐care workers with the ‘Stay Active at Home’ programme targeting reablement of community‐living older adults: An exploratory study

“…Based on the social cognitive theory, role modelling can be used as a method to increase self-efficacy (Bandura, 1977). The success of modelling is highly influenced by the identifiability of the role model (Meltzoff, 2007;Monfardini, Hadj-Bouziane, & Meunier, 2014). Some home-care workers mentioned that the interventionist had sometimes unrealistic expectations regarding the application of reablement in practice.…”