“…(Pusat Penelitian Kebijakan, 2021). Indeed, there are still many obstacles experienced by teachers, as in the use of a teacher-centered exclusively teaching and learning approach, the use of conventional learning methods such as lectures, questions and answers, and independent assignments, and the lack of useful learning media to encourage students to follow learning (Astikajaya, 2023;Raya & Rahman, 2023;Sofyan et al, 2021). This means students do not have the creativity to produce an interesting teaching and learning process because they only become passive listeners (Nitiasih, 2021).…”