<div>In this article, a novel tuning approach is proposed to obtain the best weights
of the discrete-time adaptive nonlinear model predictive controller (AN-MPC)
with consideration of improved path-following performance of a vehicle at
different speeds in the NATO double lane change (DLC) maneuvers. The proposed
approach combines artificial neural network (ANN) and Big Bang–Big Crunch
(BB–BC) algorithm in two stages. Initially, ANN is used to tune all AN-MPC
weights online. Vehicle speed, lateral position, and yaw angle outputs from many
simulations, performed with different AN-MPC weights, are used to train the ANN
structure. In addition, set-point signals are used as inputs to the ANN. Later,
the BB–BC algorithm is implemented to enhance the path-tracking performance. ANN
outputs are selected as the initial center of mass in the first iteration of the
BB–BC algorithm. To prevent control signal fluctuations, control and prediction
horizons are kept constant during the simulations. The results showed that all
AN-MPC weights are successfully tuned online and updated during the maneuvers,
and the path-following performance of the ego vehicle is improved at different
NATO DLC speeds using the proposed ANN + BB–BC, compared to the method where ANN
is used only.</div>