Vitamin B
12
and its coenzyme forms are prominent cobalt‐containing cofactors and part of the larger class of the natural tetrapyrrolic metal complexes. Such cobalt corrinoids are an important component of human nutrition, and many (other) forms of life also depend upon them. Cobalt‐containing corrinoid cofactors play basic roles in carbon fixation and energy metabolism in anaerobes, as well as in the carbon metabolism in a broad range of lower organisms. Microorganisms developed unique B
12
biosynthetic means and, indeed, are the only natural sources of the B
12
derivatives. Other organisms have evolved intricate strategies for the uptake and transport of the corrinoids.
The cofactor functions of cobalt corrinoids are a result of their extraordinary organometallic chemistry under physiological conditions and their redox chemistry. Coenzyme B
12
(a reversible source of a free radical), methylcobalamin (a versatile methylating agent), and reduced (supernucleophilic or radicaloid) corrinoids are cofactors in a range of enzymes. These enzymes channel the specific reactivity of B
12
cofactors into biological catalysis of unique reactions, involving radicals and organometallic intermediates. B
12
‐dependent enzymes thus pose still puzzling structural and mechanistic questions, as does the recently discovered interaction of B
12
cofactors with RNA.