“…To run the LCM, classifications were spatially adjusted by resampling, ensuring that the spatial configuration was homogeneous in pixel size and number of columns and rows These were converted to ASCCI format for export to Terrset™ software and added to the soil change modeling processes in the LCM module, as mentioned by Anand and Ainam [43], Hamad et al [44] and Sundara et al [45]. Models were run for each decade between 1980 and 2020, and predictions of changes for the dates of 2025, 2030, 2050 and 2100 were obtained, feeding the processes of gains, losses and transitions [46,47] to obtain the net contributions through Markov chains [48,49]. The coverages were generalized into four classes: crops (crop, which integrates agricultural crops and walnut), built urban, sands (desert), and livestock (forest-forest, pasture land-pasture, scrub-scrub, association PlSc-association of pasture and scrub and wa-ter body-water bodies of small watering places).…”